24 research outputs found

    La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous Jean Charest – L’influence d’un premier ministre

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    La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous la direction du premier ministre Jean Charest (2003-2012) prĂ©sente un paradoxe. C’est en effet sous la direction d’un premier ministre rĂ©solument fĂ©dĂ©raliste que le QuĂ©bec a atteint un niveau de dynamisme jamais observĂ© sur la scĂšne internationale depuis la fin des annĂ©es 1960, en crĂ©ant de nombreux prĂ©cĂ©dents. De plus, malgrĂ© un contexte gĂ©nĂ©ral d’austĂ©ritĂ©, son gouvernement a mĂȘme augmentĂ© ses investissements pour les questions internationales. Cet article cherche Ă  comprendre pourquoi, Ă  partir notamment d’entrevues semi-dirigĂ©es avec des hauts fonctionnaires, des membres des cabinets politiques et de l’ancien premier ministre lui-mĂȘme. Nos rĂ©sultants dĂ©montrent que c’est l’intĂ©rĂȘt et le leadership du premier ministre qui sont les principaux facteurs explicatifs

    Comparative effects of adaptation on layer II-III and layer V-VI neurons in cat V1

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    Abstract: V1 is fundamentally grouped into columns that descend from layers II–III to V–VI. Neurons inherent to visual cortex are capable of adapting to changes in the incoming stimuli that drive the cortical plasticity. A principle feature called orientation selectivity can be altered by the presentation of non‐optimal stimulus called ‘adapter’. When triggered, LGN cells impinge upon layer IV and further relay the information to deeper layers via layers II–III. Using different adaptation protocols, neuronal plasticity can be investigated. Superficial neurons in area V1 are well acknowledged to exhibit attraction and repulsion by shifting their tuning peaks when challenged by a non‐optimal stimulus called ‘adapter’. Layers V–VI neurons in spite of partnering layers II–III neurons in cortical computation have not been explored simultaneously toward adaptation. We believe that adaptation not only affects cells specific to a layer but modifies the entire column. In this study, through simultaneous multiunit recordings in anesthetized cats using a multichannel depth electrode, we show for the first time how layers V–VI neurons (1000–1200 ÎŒm) along with layers II–III neurons (300–500 ÎŒm) exhibit plasticity in response to adaptation. Our results demonstrate that superficial and deeper layer neurons react synonymously toward adapter by exhibiting similar behavioral properties. The neurons displayed similar amplitude of shift and maintained equivalent sharpness of Gaussian tuning peaks before and the following adaptation. It appears that a similar mechanism, belonging to all layers, is responsible for the analog outcome of the neurons’ experience with adapter

    La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous Jean Charest: l’influence d’un premier ministre

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    The international policy of Quebec under the leadership of Premier Jean Charest (2003-2012) represents a paradox. It is under the direction of a resolute federalist that the government of Quebec reached a new level of dynamism on the international scene. In addition, despite a general context of austerity, the Quebec government has even increased its investments in international issues under its administration. This article seeks to understand why. The methodology is based on semi-structured interviews with senior officials, members of political cabinets and the former prime minister himself. Our hypothesis is that it is the leadership of the Prime Minister that is the main factor.La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous la direction du premier ministre Jean Charest (2003-2012) prĂ©sente un paradoxe. C’est en effet sous la direction d’un premier ministre rĂ©solument fĂ©dĂ©raliste que le QuĂ©bec a atteint un niveau de dynamisme jamais observĂ© sur la scĂšne internationale avec notamment de trĂšs nombreux prĂ©cĂ©dents. De plus, malgrĂ© un contexte gĂ©nĂ©ral d’austĂ©ritĂ©, son gouvernement a mĂȘme augmentĂ© ses investissements pour les questions internationales. Cet article cherche Ă  en comprendre les raisons Ă  partir notamment d’entrevues semi-dirigĂ©es avec des hauts fonctionnaires, des membres des cabinets politiques et l’ancien premier ministre lui-mĂȘme. L’hypothĂšse est que le leadership du premier ministre qui est le principal facteur explicatif.La polĂ­tica internacional de Quebec bajo la direcciĂłn del primer ministro Jean Charest (2003-2012) presenta una paradoja. Es en efecto bajo la direcciĂłn de un primer ministro resueltamente federalista que Quebec alcanzĂł un nivel de dinamismo jamĂĄs observado sobre la escena internacional con principalmente precedentes muy numerosos. AdemĂĄs, a pesar de un contexto general de austeridad, su gobierno hasta aumentĂł sus inversiones para las cuestiones internacionales. Este artĂ­culo procura comprender por quĂ© a partir particularmente de entrevistas semidirigidas con altos funcionarios, de miembros de los gabinetes polĂ­ticos y del antiguo primer ministro mismo. La hipĂłtesis es que es el liderazgo del primer ministro que es el principal factor explicativo.Paquin StĂ©phane, Jeyabalaratnam Gopinath. La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous Jean Charest: l’influence d’un premier ministre. In: Revue QuĂ©bĂ©coise de droit international, hors-sĂ©rie juin 2016. La doctrine GĂ©rin-Lajoie : 50 ans d’actions internationales du QuĂ©bec. pp. 165-183

    LA POLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE DU QUÉBEC SOUS JEAN CHAREST : L’INFLUENCE D’UN PREMIER MINISTRE

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    La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous la direction du premier ministre Jean Charest (2003-2012) prĂ©sente un paradoxe. C’est en effet sous la direction d’un premier ministre rĂ©solument fĂ©dĂ©raliste que le QuĂ©bec a atteint un niveau de dynamisme jamais observĂ© sur la scĂšne internationale avec notamment de trĂšs nombreux prĂ©cĂ©dents. De plus, malgrĂ© un contexte gĂ©nĂ©ral d’austĂ©ritĂ©, son gouvernement a mĂȘme augmentĂ© ses investissements pour les questions internationales. Cet article cherche Ă  en comprendre les raisons Ă  partir notamment d’entrevues semi-dirigĂ©es avec des hauts fonctionnaires, des membres des cabinets politiques et l’ancien premier ministre lui-mĂȘme. L’hypothĂšse est que le leadership du premier ministre qui est le principal facteur explicatif.The international policy of Quebec under the leadership of Premier Jean Charest (2003-2012) represents a paradox. It is under the direction of a resolute federalist that the government of Quebec reached a new level of dynamism on the international scene. In addition, despite a general context of austerity, the Quebec government has even increased its investments in international issues under its administration. This article seeks to understand why. The methodology is based on semi-structured interviews with senior officials, members of political cabinets and the former prime minister himself. Our hypothesis is that it is the leadership of the Prime Minister that is the main factor.La polĂ­tica internacional de Quebec bajo la direcciĂłn del primer ministro Jean Charest (2003-2012) presenta una paradoja. Es en efecto bajo la direcciĂłn de un primer ministro resueltamente federalista que Quebec alcanzĂł un nivel de dinamismo jamĂĄs observado sobre la escena internacional con principalmente precedentes muy numerosos. AdemĂĄs, a pesar de un contexto general de austeridad, su gobierno hasta aumentĂł sus inversiones para las cuestiones internacionales. Este artĂ­culo procura comprender por quĂ© a partir particularmente de entrevistas semidirigidas con altos funcionarios, de miembros de los gabinetes polĂ­ticos y del antiguo primer ministro mismo. La hipĂłtesis es que es el liderazgo del primer ministro que es el principal factor explicativo

    La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous Jean Charest: l’influence d’un premier ministre

    No full text
    The international policy of Quebec under the leadership of Premier Jean Charest (2003-2012) represents a paradox. It is under the direction of a resolute federalist that the government of Quebec reached a new level of dynamism on the international scene. In addition, despite a general context of austerity, the Quebec government has even increased its investments in international issues under its administration. This article seeks to understand why. The methodology is based on semi-structured interviews with senior officials, members of political cabinets and the former prime minister himself. Our hypothesis is that it is the leadership of the Prime Minister that is the main factor.La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous la direction du premier ministre Jean Charest (2003-2012) prĂ©sente un paradoxe. C’est en effet sous la direction d’un premier ministre rĂ©solument fĂ©dĂ©raliste que le QuĂ©bec a atteint un niveau de dynamisme jamais observĂ© sur la scĂšne internationale avec notamment de trĂšs nombreux prĂ©cĂ©dents. De plus, malgrĂ© un contexte gĂ©nĂ©ral d’austĂ©ritĂ©, son gouvernement a mĂȘme augmentĂ© ses investissements pour les questions internationales. Cet article cherche Ă  en comprendre les raisons Ă  partir notamment d’entrevues semi-dirigĂ©es avec des hauts fonctionnaires, des membres des cabinets politiques et l’ancien premier ministre lui-mĂȘme. L’hypothĂšse est que le leadership du premier ministre qui est le principal facteur explicatif.La polĂ­tica internacional de Quebec bajo la direcciĂłn del primer ministro Jean Charest (2003-2012) presenta una paradoja. Es en efecto bajo la direcciĂłn de un primer ministro resueltamente federalista que Quebec alcanzĂł un nivel de dinamismo jamĂĄs observado sobre la escena internacional con principalmente precedentes muy numerosos. AdemĂĄs, a pesar de un contexto general de austeridad, su gobierno hasta aumentĂł sus inversiones para las cuestiones internacionales. Este artĂ­culo procura comprender por quĂ© a partir particularmente de entrevistas semidirigidas con altos funcionarios, de miembros de los gabinetes polĂ­ticos y del antiguo primer ministro mismo. La hipĂłtesis es que es el liderazgo del primer ministro que es el principal factor explicativo.Paquin StĂ©phane, Jeyabalaratnam Gopinath. La politique internationale du QuĂ©bec sous Jean Charest: l’influence d’un premier ministre. In: Revue QuĂ©bĂ©coise de droit international, hors-sĂ©rie juin 2016. La doctrine GĂ©rin-Lajoie : 50 ans d’actions internationales du QuĂ©bec. pp. 165-183

    Adaptation shifts preferred orientation of tuning curve in the mouse visual cortex.

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    In frontalized mammals it has been demonstrated that adaptation produces shift of the peak of the orientation tuning curve of neuron following frequent or lengthier presentation of a non-preferred stimulus. Depending on the duration of adaptation the shift is attractive (toward the adapter) or repulsive (away from the adapter). Mouse exhibits a salt-and-pepper cortical organization of orientation maps, hence this species may respond differently to adaptation. To examine this question, we determined the effect of twelve minutes of adaptation to one particular orientation on neuronal orientation tuning curves in V1 of anesthetized mice. Multi-unit activity of neurons in V1 was recorded in a conventional fashion. Cells were stimulated with sine-wave drifting gratings whose orientation tilted in steps. Results revealed that similarly to cats and monkeys, majority of cells shifted their optimal orientation in the direction of the adapter while a small proportion exhibited a repulsive shift. Moreover, initially untuned cells showing poor tuning curves reacted to adaptation by displaying sharp orientation selectivity. It seems that modification of the cellular property following adaptation is a general phenomenon observed in all mammals in spite of the different organization pattern of the visual cortex. This study is of pertinence to comprehend the mechanistic pathways of brain plasticity

    Comparative response modulations induced by adaptation.

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    <p>Upper row: repulsive shifts. Lower row: attractive shifts. Three responses are computed: Original preferred, responses to adapter, new preferred. Star indicates significant level p<0.05. Abbreviations, Ori: orientation, Ctrl: control, Adapt: adaptation</p

    Three examples of orientation shifts.

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    <p>From left to right (<b>A</b>) attractive, (<b>B</b>) repulsive and (<b>C</b>) no shift. Upper row: Raw data, error bars indicate SEM. Bottom row: Gaussian fits, same cells as in the upper row.</p

    Distribution of orientation-class preference and shift magnitude significance.

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    <p>(<b>A</b>) Neurons divided into five orientation classes of 18°. Vertical and horizontal orientations dominate (that is cardinal orientations). (<b>B</b>) The relationship between shift-magnitude and significance level indicates that cardinal orientations have larger shift than cells whose orientation is oblique.</p

    Typical example of an attractive shift.

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    <p>Twenty-five presentations of each orientation. Gaussian fits and orientation are normalized in this and other figures: optimal orientation is marked zero. Vertical broken lines indicate optimal orientations. Downward arrowhead indicates adapting orientation in this and all figures. Horizontal Right inserts show spike waveforms recorded during each phase of the recordings. Bar equals 1.6 ms.</p
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