Les enjeux de la communication dans le milieu humanitaire: : audit de communication d'une Fondation oeuvrant dans la récolte et redistribution des fonds lors de catastrophes et conflits

« Je vais vous parler d’un produit de rêve, il n’a pas de prix établi à l’avance, le client paie ce qu’il veut et ce qu’il peut payer pour ce produit, aucun inventaire n’est requis mais on n’est jamais en rupture de stock ; on obtient un paiement cash à la commande et le crédit n’a pas de cours […] Ce produit, c’est le don dans ce qu’il offre comme satisfaction morale. » ANDREWS, Francis. Fund Raising. Marketing for Human Need, DMI, Milestone Report, 1976 Pour qu’il y ait ce don, cette générosité de la part d’un donateur, il faut que celui-ci ait confiance en nous et la certitude que son argent sera utilisé pour la cause voulue. Telle est l’une des missions de la Chaîne du Bonheur, en souhaitant être une Fondation transparente et proche de ses donateurs et du public. La communication est un élément indispensable pour les entreprises de nos jours. Elle l’est tout autant lorsque l’on oeuvre dans l’humanitaire. Tout l’objectif de ce travail peut se résumer en quelques lignes : comment communiquer auprès de ses donateurs et du public afin de leur transmettre ces précieuses informations ? Ce travail, élaboré sous la forme d’un audit, s’est intéressé à la communication de la Chaîne du Bonheur. Ses différents supports ont tous été passés en revue afin d’identifier leur potentiel et d’analyser la façon dont ils sont utilisés aujourd’hui. Au travers de ces lignes, je vous expliquerai de quelle façon communique la Chaîne du Bonheur avec une analyse de chacun de ses outils ainsi que des possibilités qui s’offrent à elle pour aller encore plus loin dans sa stratégie. Une section se concentrera plus particulièrement sur la partie digitale de leur communication. Puis, nous nous tournerons vers les donateurs : que pensent-ils de la communication de la Fondation, quelles sont les informations qu’ils s’attendent à recevoir de sa part, quels sont les supports privilégiés pour suivre la Chaîne du Bonheur. La dernière partie de notre analyse s’intéressera à la visibilité médiatique de la Fondation ainsi qu’aux relations entretenues entre le journaliste et l’attaché de presse, leurs attentes, grâce à des interviews menées auprès des deux professions. Ces analyses nous permettront de formuler des recommandations qui seront présentées à l’attention de la Chaîne du Bonheur et hiérarchisées selon les thèmes abordés tout au long de ce travail : communication classique et digitale, relations avec les donateurs/public et échanges avec les médias

Packing triangles in weighted graphs

Tuza conjectured that for every graph $G$, the maximum size $\nu$ of a set of edge-disjoint triangles and minimum size $\tau$ of a set of edges meeting all triangles satisfy $\tau \leq 2\nu$. We consider an edge-weighted version of this conjecture, which amounts to packing and covering triangles in multigraphs. Several known results about the original problem are shown to be true in this context, and some are improved. In particular, we answer a question of Krivelevich who proved that $\tau \leq 2\nu^*$ (where $\nu^*$ is the fractional version of $\nu$), and asked if this is tight. We prove that $\tau \leq 2\nu^*-\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\nu^*}$ and show that this bound is essentially best possible.Comment: v2: 20 pages, corrected version (from 2013) following referee report

Teratozoospermia: spotlight on the main genetic actors in the human

BACKGROUND Male infertility affects >20 million men worldwide and represents a major health concern. Although multifactorial, male infertility has a strong genetic basis which has so far not been extensively studied. Recent studies of consanguineous families and of small cohorts of phenotypically homogeneous patients have however allowed the identification of a number of autosomal recessive causes of teratozoospermia. Homozygous mutations of aurora kinase C (AURKC) were first described to be responsible for most cases of macrozoospermia. Other genes defects have later been identified in spermatogenesis associated 16 (SPATA16) and dpy-19-like 2 (DPY19L2) in patients with globozoospermia and more recently in dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 1 (DNAH1) in a heterogeneous group of patients presenting with flagellar abnormalities previously described as dysplasia of the fibrous sheath or short/stump tail syndromes, which we propose to call multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). METHODS A comprehensive review of the scientific literature available in PubMed/Medline was conducted for studies on human genetics, experimental models and physiopathology related to teratozoospermia in particular globozoospermia, large headed spermatozoa and flagellar abnormalities. The search included all articles with an English abstract available online before September 2014. RESULTS Molecular studies of numerous unrelated patients with globozoospermia and large-headed spermatozoa confirmed that mutations in DPY19L2 and AURKC are mainly responsible for their respective pathological phenotype. In globozoospermia, the deletion of the totality of the DPY19L2 gene represents ∼81% of the pathological alleles but point mutations affecting the protein function have also been described. In macrozoospermia only two recurrent mutations were identified in AURKC, accounting for almost all the pathological alleles, raising the possibility of a putative positive selection of heterozygous individuals. The recent identification of DNAH1 mutations in a proportion of patients with MMAF is promising but emphasizes that this phenotype is genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, the identification of mutations in a dynein strengthens the emerging point of view that MMAF may be a phenotypic variation of the classical forms of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Based on data from human and animal models, the MMAF phenotype seems to be favored by defects directly or indirectly affecting the central pair of axonemal microtubules of the sperm flagella. CONCLUSIONS The studies described here provide valuable information regarding the genetic and molecular defects causing infertility, to improve our understanding of the physiopathology of teratozoospermia while giving a detailed characterization of specific features of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, these findings have a significant influence on the diagnostic strategy for teratozoospermic patients allowing the clinician to provide the patient with informed genetic counseling, to adopt the best course of treatment and to develop personalized medicine directly targeting the defective gene product

Global marine bacterial diversity peaks at high latitudes in winter.

Genomic approaches to characterizing bacterial communities are revealing significant differences in diversity and composition between environments. But bacterial distributions have not been mapped at a global scale. Although current community surveys are way too sparse to map global diversity patterns directly, there is now sufficient data to fit accurate models of how bacterial distributions vary across different environments and to make global scale maps from these models. We apply this approach to map the global distributions of bacteria in marine surface waters. Our spatially and temporally explicit predictions suggest that bacterial diversity peaks in temperate latitudes across the world's oceans. These global peaks are seasonal, occurring 6 months apart in the two hemispheres, in the boreal and austral winters. This pattern is quite different from the tropical, seasonally consistent diversity patterns observed for most macroorganisms. However, like other marine organisms, surface water bacteria are particularly diverse in regions of high human environmental impacts on the oceans. Our maps provide the first picture of bacterial distributions at a global scale and suggest important differences between the diversity patterns of bacteria compared with other organisms

Integrated systems research for sustainable smallholder agriculture in the Central Mekong: Achievements and challenges of implementing integrated systems research

Internal Revie

Nurses’ judgments of patient risk of deterioration at change-of-shift handoff : agreement between nurses and comparison with early warning scores

Background Nurses begin forming judgments regarding patients’ clinical stability during change-of-shift handoffs. Objectives To examine the agreement between incoming and outgoing nurses’ judgments of deterioration risk following handoff and compare these judgments to commonly used early warning scores (MEWS, NEWS, ViEWS). Methods Following handoffs on three medical/surgical units, nurses completed the Patient Acuity Rating. Nurse ratings were compared with computed early warning scores based on clinical data. In follow-up interviews, nurses were invited to describe their experiences of using the rating scale. Results Sixty-two nurses carried out 444 handoffs for 158 patients. While the agreement between incoming and outgoing nurses was fair, correlations with early warning scores were low. Nurses struggled with predicting risk and used their impressions of differential risk across all the patients to whom they had been assigned to arrive at their ratings. Conclusion Nurses shared information that influenced their clinical judgments at handoff; not all of these cues may necessarily be captured in early warning scores

Advances in the deposition of ceramics by soft chemistry process : example of rare- earth silicate coatings

The dip-coating process consists in immersing a sample to be coated in the liquid medium and then removing it at a controlled speed in order to obtain a film of regular thickness, as shown in Figure 1a). Dip-coating technique is now used in many industrial fields (biomedical, transportation, optics…). It is a very simple, and easy process to implement for the deposition and shaping of different natures of coatings (ceramic, metallic and polymer). In the case of ceramic coatings, after the dip-coating operation, the layers undergo a sintering post-treatment leading to the consolidation and/or the densification of the deposit. The corresponding mechanisms need a rigorous control of many parameters. The parameters involved in the dip-coating process are related to the medium and to the process. Concerning the medium, the dispersion medium nature, the particles concentration, viscosity, and stability are the main ones. The stability of the suspension is a first-order parameter and a preliminary formulation work has been carried out to cope with it. Moreover, parameters relative to the fabrication process such as the number of layers and the thermal profile (intermediary and final temperatures), will also be key factors to be taken into account in the formation of homogeneous and reproducible coatings by dip-coating.This work highlights the influence of these various parameters in the case of rare earth silicates based coatings. The various experiments were carried out in correlation to the coatings quality and microstructure. Homogeneous and conformal ceramic coatings of few tens of micrometers thick, as shown in Figure 1b), were obtained. A multi-layers deposit in a sol loaded at 40% mass generally allows to reach the desired thickness. With these experiments relationship between dip-coating parameters and coatings microstructure and morphology can be established. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

C-terminal amino acids are essential for human heat shock protein 70 dimerization

The human inducible heat shock protein 70 (hHsp70), which is involved in several major pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, is a key molecular chaperone and contributes to the proper protein folding and maintenance of a large number of protein structures. Despite its role in disease, the current structural knowledge of hHsp70 is almost exclusively based on its Escherichia coli homolog, DnaK, even though these two proteins only share ~50 % amino acid identity. For the first time, we describe a complete heterologous production and purification strategy that allowed us to obtain a large amount of soluble, full-length, and non-tagged hHsp70. The protein displayed both an ATPase and a refolding activity when combined to the human Hsp40. Multi-angle light scattering and bio-layer interferometry analyses demonstrated the ability of hHsp70 to homodimerize. The role of the C-terminal part of hHsp70 was identified and confirmed by a study of a truncated version of hHsp70 that could neither dimerize nor present refolding activity