Influence of advanced shoe technology on the top 100 annual performances in men's marathon from 2015 to 2019.

[EN]The NIKE Vaporfly shoe was introduced in May 2017 as part of the original #Breaking2 Project (an event aimed to run the first marathon under 2h). This new advanced shoe technology (NAST) changed the footwear design conception. The aim of this study was (i) to analyse the effect of NAST in men's marathon performance, (ii) to analyse whether the changes in the environmental constraints (temperature and wind) and orography of the marathons, age and birthplace of the runners has changed from 2015 to 2019 and (iii) to analyse the impact of NAST on the historical 50 best performances. Data from top-100 men's marathon performances were collected in that timeframe. The shoes used by the athletes were identified (in 91.8% of the cases) by publicly available photographs. External and environmental conditions of each marathon and age and birthplace of the runners were also analysed. Marathon performances improved from 2017 onwards between 0.75 and 1.50% compared to 2015 and 2016 (p<0.05). In addition, the improvement was greater in the upper deciles than in the lower ones (p<0.001). Runners wearing NAST ran~1% faster in marathon compared to runners that did not use it (p<0.001). When conducting an individual analysis of athletes who ran with and without NAST, 72.5% of the athletes who completed a marathon wearing NAST improved their performance by 0.68% (p<0.01). External and environmental conditions, age or birthplace of runners seems not to have influenced this performance improvement. NAST has had a clear impact on marathon performance unchanged in the environmental constraints (temperature and wind), orography, age, and birthplace of the runners but with differences between venues.This work was financed by groups grants from the University of Castilla-La Mancha and co-financed by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund. Research Group: Grupo de Investigación Rendimiento Deportivo (GIRD)

How Mixed Relay Teams in Swimming Should Be Organized for International Championship Success.

The primary goal of the present research was to determine the order of swimmers on a mixed relay team that would ensure the best performance in the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Championships held in Kazan (Russia, 2015), Budapest (Hungary, 2017), and Gwangju (South Korea, 2019). The data were obtained from database websites for the 4 × 100 m freestyle and 4 × 100 m medley official results,1 including 660 records from 188 entries of finals and 472 preliminary events. The results showed that the fastest swimmers (according to their best season times) were located primarily in the first or second positions of the freestyle relay. The most successful gender strategy for the 4 × 100 m freestyle (57 out of 82 observations) and for the 4 × 100 m medley (29 out of 83) relays was the order male-male-female-female, although no statistical differences were found (p = 0.79) for the medley relays. In the 4 × 100 m freestyle, the second (p = 0.002; β = 1.62) and third (p =0.003; β = 1.41) relay legs had a statistical effect on the total relay time, whereas in the 4 × 100 m medley, all four relay legs had a statistical effect (p < 0.001) on the final performance, the weight of the four strokes being different in heats with respect to the final round. Also, a later position of the first female swimmer or the consecutive position of two female swimmers in the team order significantly affected the relay performance in specific events. Mixed relay events appeared to present specific strategies in comparison to traditional male- or female-only relay lineups.post-print1243 K

Swimming World Championships:Association between success at junior and senior level for British swimmers

The present study examines the association between the success at junior and senior level for British swimmers in World Championships (WCs). It also explores the relationships between swimming performance and the swimmers’ gender, swim stroke, distance, status (finalist, semifinalist and heats) and swimming category. Data were collected for swimmers participating in junior and/or senior World Championships (29,000 entries: 5585 swimmers) from 2006–2017. The final filtered database included only swimmers from the United Kingdom (836 entries: 141 swimmers). A descriptive analysis was made to characterize the swimmers who reached elite status in the senior category. A lineal regression model was run by gender to predict the influence of category, swim stroke, and distance in the results reached in the senior category. The results showed that the ratio of conversion from junior to senior was quite low. Females who participated in both junior and senior WCs were likely to reach top positions in the senior category. Overall, few British swimmers participated in a junior category before the senior level, but female swimmers participating in both junior and senior WCs were likely to reach top positions in the senior category.post-print335 K

Los horarios en la distribución comercial : la importancia del tiempo para consumidores, empresas y decisores públicos

El tiempo es una variable fundamental en los procesos de consumo. En este sentido, puede decirse que los horarios comerciales concilian la demanda de los consumidores con la oferta de los distribuidores. Por tanto, los consumidores conciben el horario comercial como un servicio desarrollado por una organización que influye en la flexibilidad con la que pueden realizar sus compras. Al mismo tiempo, una modificación en la duración de los horarios precisa un análisis en el grado de eficiencia que alcanzaría el comercio ante los cambios de estrategia. Por último, en el debate regulación vs. libertad de horarios, los decisores públicos han optado por posiciones tan distantes como considerar la plena libertad de apertura para todos los establecimientos o, por el contrario, controlar hasta el más mínimo detalle sobre la duración de la venta al público.Time is a fundamental variant in consumer processes. For this reason, it could be said that commercial timetables conciliate the demand of the consumer with the offer of the suppliers. In this way, the consumer considers the commercial timetable as a service developed by an organization which influences the flexibility with which he can carry out his purchases. At the same time, a modification in the duration of the timetable needs an analysis of the degree of efficiency to be attained by retailers faced with a change in strategy. Finally, in the debate on regulation vs free opening hours, the decision taking statesmen have settled for such distant options as that of total freedom in opening times for all establishments to the most detailed control over the time allowed for sales to the public

Spanish cardiac catheterization in congenital heart diseases registry. First official report from the ACI-SEC and the GTH-SECPCC (2020)

Introduction and objectives: The Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Cardiology Working Group on Interventional Cardiology (GTH-SECPCC) introduce their annual activity report for 2020, the starting year of the pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: All Spanish centers with cath labs and interventional activity in congenital heart diseases were invited to participate. Data were collected online, and analyzed by an external company together with members from the ACI-SEC and the GTH-SECPCC. Results: A total of 16 centers participated (all of them public) including 30 cath labs experienced in the management of congenital heart diseases, 7 of them (23.3%) dedicated exclusively to pediatric patients. A total of 1046 diagnostic studies, and 1468 interventional cardiac catheterizations were registered. The interventional procedures were considered successful in 93.4% of the cases with rates of major procedural complications and mortality of 2%, and 0.1%, respectively. The most frequent procedures were atrial septal defect closure (377 cases), pulmonary angioplasty (244 cases), and the percutaneous closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (199 cases). Conclusions: This report is the first publication from the Spanish Cardiac Catheterization in Congenital Heart Diseases Registry. The data recorded are conditioned by the COVID-19 pandemic. Diagnostic cardiac catheterization still plays a key role in this field. Most interventional techniques have reported excellent security and efficacy rates

Una teoría sobre la creación del concepto moderno de probabilidad: aportaciones españolas

There is a general agreement about the fixing of the birth of the modern Probability Theory in the middle of the XVII century by Pascal and Fermat. Some of the investigators think that not only this calculus was set up in this period but also a new concept of probability. We think, that an assimilation of an existing conception in theology and philosophy to questions related to games of chance happened. Furthermore, in this process, Spanish authors represent a relevant part, principally moral theologicians that established and developed the moral probabilism, whore analysis and concepts were absorbed by the recently established Probability TheoryExiste un acuerdo generalizado sobre la fijación del nacimiento del moderno Cálculo de Probabilidades a mediados del siglo XVII por Pascal y Fermat. Algunos investigadores opinan que no sólo se crea en esta época dicho cálculo sino también un concepto nuevo de probabilidad. Pensamos que lo que se produjo realmente fue una asimilación de una concepción ya existente en teología y filosofía a cuestiones relativas a juegos de azar. Además, en este proceso representar un papel relevante autores españoles, principalmente teólogos morales, que fundaron y desarrollaron el probabilismo moral, muchos de cuyos análisis y conceptos fueron absorbidos por el recién creado Cálculo de Probabilidades