Molecular analysis of the early interaction between the grapevine flower and Botrytis cinerea reveals that prompt activation of specific host pathways leads to fungus quiescence

Grape quality and yield can be impaired by bunch rot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Infection often occurs at flowering, and the pathogen stays quiescent until fruit maturity. Here, we report a molecular analysis of the early interaction between B. cinerea and Vitis vinifera flowers, using a controlled infection system, confocal microscopy and integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the host and the pathogen. Flowers from fruiting cuttings of the cultivar Pinot Noir were infected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled B. cinerea and studied at 24 and 96 hours post-inoculation (h.p.i.). We observed that penetration of the epidermis by B. cinerea coincided with increased expression of genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes, phytotoxins and proteases. Grapevine responded with a rapid defence reaction involving 1193 genes associated with the accumulation of antimicrobial proteins, polyphenols, reactive oxygen species and cell wall reinforcement. At 96 h.p.i., the reaction appears largely diminished both in the host and in the pathogen. Our data indicate that the defence responses of the grapevine flower collectively are able to restrict invasive fungal growth into the underlying tissues, thereby forcing the fungus to enter quiescence until the conditions become more favourable to resume pathogenic development

Themenfeld: Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf den Wohnungsmarkt

THEMENFELD: AUSWIRKUNGEN DES DEMOGRAFISCHEN WANDELS AUF DEN WOHNUNGSMARKT Leverkusener Demografiebericht (Rights reserved) (-) Issue2020 Themenfeld: Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf den Wohnungsmarkt (Rights reserved) ( - ) Issue2013 Themenfeld: Altersgerechte Quartiersentwicklung (Rights reserved) ( - ) Issue2012 Themenfeld: Generationenfreundlicher Einzelhandel (Rights reserved) ( -

Comparison of impedance behavior of UVRT-Container with medium voltage grid simulator in case of unsymmetrical voltage dip

This paper presents the concept of electrical testing, such as under voltage ride through (UVRT) of wind turbines on test bench using Power Electronics Grid Simulator (PEGS). PEGS can emulate an artificial medium voltage grid up to 36kV. One of the PEGS capabilities is to add artificial series impedance to the voltage source in fa-vor of changing the virtual short circuit power at the point of common coupling (PCC). In order to verify the test bench UVRT tests it is essential to show if PEGS is capable to emulate same grid behavior and characteristics as UVRT-Container. Later, a comparison of the simulation results of the developed PEGS test to the UVRT-Container test is presented. In case of a two-phase fault emulated by UVRT-Container, the impedance seen by the faulted and un-faulted phases are changed during the fault due to additional short circuit impedance connected to the grid. The aim of this paper is to show that the PEGS can emulate the impedance for each phase during unsymmetrical faults