22 research outputs found

    Effets de l’irrigation par des eaux usĂ©es sur le dĂ©veloppement, la morphologie et la composition du bois de saule

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    Dans un contexte de transition Ă©nergĂ©tique, l’utilisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique comme source d’énergie renouvelable pour la production de biocarburants a le potentiel de diminuer notre dĂ©pendance vis-Ă -vis des Ă©nergies fossiles polluantes et de rĂ©duire de façon radicale notre empreinte carbone. Autre que les rĂ©sidus forestiers et agricoles; la biomasse lignocellulosique peut provenir des cultures Ă©nergĂ©tiques dĂ©diĂ©es Ă  base de plantes Ă  croissance rapide comme les saules (Salix spp.). En effet, ces plantes ligneuses sont faciles Ă  mettre en place et produisent de hauts rendements pendant plusieurs annĂ©es. L’eau et les nutriments (essentiellement l’azote) Ă©tant cependant les principaux facteurs limitants Ă  leur dĂ©veloppement. L'utilisation des effluents municipaux constituent une alternative intĂ©ressante Ă  l'irrigation conventionnelle et Ă  la fertilisation par des engrais chimiques dont la synthĂšse mĂȘme contribue Ă  l’augmentation des gaz Ă  effet de serre. En effet, les eaux usĂ©es qu’elles soient partiellement et /ou totalement traitĂ©es contiennent encore de grandes quantitĂ©s d’azote et de phosphore qui peuvent ĂȘtre captĂ©es par les saules amĂ©liorant d’autant leur croissance et leur productivitĂ©. La phytofiltration; c.-Ă -d. l’utilisation de filtre vĂ©gĂ©tal est donc un concept sĂ©duisant; permettant d’une part de solutionner des problĂ©matiques sociĂ©tales et environnementales telles que la gestion des grands volumes d’effluents organiques et la prĂ©servation des milieux naturels et d’autre part de valoriser les contaminants qui sont en solution dans les effluents pour promouvoir le dĂ©veloppement des plantes et en augmenter les rendements de la biomasse. Cette biomasse lignocellulosique pourrait aussi servir de matiĂšre premiĂšre pour la production de biocarburant, nĂ©anmoins, il est important que l’emphase soit mise non seulement sur les quantitĂ©s des bois produits, mais aussi sur leur qualitĂ©. En effet, lors de la production de biocarburant lignocellulosique, l’efficacitĂ© de la conversion biochimique d’une biomasse donnĂ©e est Ă©troitement liĂ©e Ă  la composition chimique de cette derniĂšre. L’objectif de cette thĂšse est de dĂ©terminer l’effet de l’irrigation par des effluents organiques sur la structure anatomique et la composition chimique du bois de divers gĂ©notypes de saules et de comprendre les rĂ©percussions d’une altĂ©ration du bois, si elles existent, sur la rĂ©calcitrance du bois Ă  l’hydrolyse enzymatique. Une premiĂšre Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© conduite sur une plantation de saules Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’. Le but de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait de dĂ©terminer l’effet Ă  moyen terme de l’irrigation par des eaux usĂ©es avec traitement primaire (et donc ayant gardĂ© une forte portion de sa charge organique et azotĂ©e) en premier lieu sur la physiologie et ensuite sur les caractĂ©ristiques intrinsĂšques du bois telles que sa composition chimique ou encore la structure hydraulique et mĂ©canique. Dans un premier temps, les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que la fertigation a altĂ©rĂ© la morphologie des feuilles ainsi que les stratĂ©gies d’utilisation du carbone ce qui a permis de maximiser la surface photosynthĂ©tique et d’amĂ©liorer le rendement quantique par unitĂ© de surface foliaire. Aussi, des analyses histologiques ont permis de dĂ©celer une Ă©longation de la longueur des stomates chez les plantes fertiguĂ©es, engendrant une augmentation de la conductance stomatique et inĂ©vitablement celle du taux de carbone assimilĂ© (la photosynthĂšse) permettant ainsi de promouvoir la croissance et le dĂ©veloppement des plantes irriguĂ©es par les eaux usĂ©es et d’en amĂ©liorer la productivitĂ©. Dans un second temps, les analyses chimiques du bois du cultivar Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’ ont montrĂ© que pour les plantes qui ont Ă©tĂ© irriguĂ©es par des eaux usĂ©es, il y a eu une diminution de la fraction des extractibles ainsi qu’une augmentation de la fraction cellulose sans toutefois que cela soit accompagnĂ© d’une diminution de la lignine. Les analyses histologiques ont aussi dĂ©voilĂ© une diffĂ©rence de la densitĂ© des vaisseaux et de leur diamĂštre entre les plantes fertiguĂ©es et les tĂ©moins, toutefois, il ne peut ĂȘtre exclu que cette diffĂ©rence soit en partie occasionnĂ©e et/ ou accentuĂ©e par la mĂ©thode d’échantillonnage qui cible des rĂ©gions diffĂ©rentes de la plante. Dans une deuxiĂšme Ă©tude, la biomasse issue de trois expĂ©riences distinctes, rĂ©alisĂ©es au Canada (Beaverlodge et Whitecourt) et en Grande-Bretagne (Hillsborough) et dans lesquelles diffĂ©rents cultivars de saules ont Ă©tĂ© irriguĂ©s durant trois annĂ©es de croissance par diffĂ©rents effluents organiques (des eaux usĂ©es avec traitement secondaire et des effluents de laiterie non traitĂ©s), a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e afin d’étudier les consĂ©quences de la fertigation sur la structure anatomique et la composition chimique du bois ainsi que sur sa rĂ©calcitrance Ă  la saccharification enzymatique. Pour tous les sites, les rĂ©sultats n’ont pas montrĂ© de diffĂ©rence pour les variables anatomiques et la densitĂ© du bois entre les plantes tĂ©moins et celles fertiguĂ©es , suggĂ©rant que ces cultivars Ă©taient rĂ©silients Ă  l’application d’effluents organiques. Cependant la fertigation a eu un effet sur la composition chimique et la rĂ©calcitrance du bois. La rĂ©ponse des plantes a variĂ© en fonction du site avec pas d’effets pour les cultivars de Beaverlodge, une diminution du taux d’extractibles et une augmentation des rendements en sucre pour certains cultivars de Whitecourt et une augmentation du contenu en xylose et une diminution des sucres libĂ©rĂ©es pour la plupart des gĂ©notypes de Hillsborough. Ces diffĂ©rences dans la rĂ©ponse peuvent suggĂ©rer que des facteurs spĂ©cifiques aux sites tels que les conditions environnementales et la composition des eaux usĂ©es pourraient avoir influencĂ© la composition chimique du bois ainsi que sa rĂ©calcitrance Ă  l’hydrolyse enzymatique. Suite Ă  l’hydrolyse enzymatique, nous avons constatĂ© que la rĂ©calcitrance d’une biomasse donnĂ©e n’est pas exclusivement liĂ©e Ă  son contenu en cellulose Ă©tant donnĂ© que pour plus d’un cultivar, le rendement en glucose a Ă©tĂ© plus Ă©levĂ© que pour d’autres gĂ©notypes qui avaient une plus grande teneur en cellulose. Les analyses chimiques des diffĂ©rents cultivars ont permis de dĂ©celer une grande variabilitĂ© dans la teneur en cellulose (glucose) ainsi que dans l’indice de la rĂ©calcitrance entre les gĂ©notypes d’un mĂȘme site, toutefois, la diffĂ©rence Ă©tait plus prononcĂ©e entre les gĂ©notypes de sites diffĂ©rents. Aucun gĂ©notype n’étant commun aux trois sites nous ne pouvons cependant conclure clairement sur ce point qui mĂ©riterait donc des Ă©tudes subsĂ©quentes afin d’affiner plus encore la sĂ©lection des variĂ©tĂ©s au niveau local. Cette thĂšse a permis de dĂ©montrer le potentiel des saules pour filtrer de grandes quantitĂ©s d’effluents tout en apportant des informations nouvelles quant aux impacts sur la composition chimique et la rĂ©calcitrance de la biomasse produite dans ces circonstances. Les travaux ici prĂ©sentĂ©s pouvant ĂȘtre l’assise nĂ©cessaire pour une optimisation efficace de cette phytotechnologie, tant du point de vue du choix variĂ©tal que de la modulation de la fertigation en vue de la double utilisation de la plantation productrice de biomasse pour les biocarburants et en tant que filtre vĂ©gĂ©tal.In the current context of transition to more sustainable energies, the use of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable energy for biofuels production has the potential to decrease our dependence on polluting fossil fuels and drastically reduce our carbon footprint. Other than forestry and agricultural residues; lignocellulosic biomass can come from dedicated energy crops based on fast growing plants such as willows (Salix spp.). Indeed, these woody plants are easy to establish and produce high yields for several years, water and nutrients (mainly nitrogen) yet being the main plant development limiting factors. However, the use of municipal effluents is an interesting alternative to traditional irrigation and fertilization with chemical fertilizers, the very synthesis of which contributes to the increase in greenhouse gases. Indeed, wastewater, whether partially and /or fully treated, still contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus which can be captured by willows, further improving their growth and productivity. Phytofiltration; i.e. the use of plant-based filters is therefore an attractive concept; allowing on one hand to solve societal and environmental problems such as the management of large volumes of organic effluents and the preservation of natural environments; on the other hand to recover contaminants to promote plant development and increase biomass yields. Then, this lignocellulosic biomass could be used for the production of biofuel. But it is now important to focus research work on wood quality rather than on quantities produced. Indeed, during the production of lignocellulosic biofuel, biochemical conversion efficiency of a given biomass is closely linked to its chemical composition. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to determine the effect of irrigation by organic effluents on the anatomical structure and chemical composition of wood of various genotypes of willows and to understand the latter consequences on its recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis. A first study was carried out on a plantation of Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’ willows. The aim of this study was to determine the medium-term effect of irrigation by wastewater with primary treatment (with still a large portion of its organic and nitrogen load) first on plant physiology and then on intrinsic characteristics of wood such as its chemical composition or its hydraulic and mechanical structure. First, the results showed that fertigation altered leaf morphology as well as carbon utilization strategies with an increased photosynthetic area and improved quantum yield per unit leaf area. Also, histological analyzes have made it possible to detect in fertigated plants stomata length elongation and therefore an increase in stomatal conductance and of the rate of assimilated carbon (photosynthesis) that promoted plant growth and development. In a second step, the chemical analyzes of the wood of the same Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’ plants showed that wastewater irrigation decreased the fraction of extractables as well as increased cellulose content, no change was observed for lignin fraction. Histological analyzes also revealed a difference in the vessel density and diameter between fertigated plants and controls, however it cannot be excluded that this difference is partly caused and /or accentuated by the sampling method chosen (region of the plant where the samples were taken). In a second study, the biomass resulting from three separate experiments carried out in Canada (Beaverlodge and Whitecourt) and in Great Britain (Hillsborough) where different cultivars of willows were irrigated for three years by different organic effluents (wastewater with secondary treatment and primary dairy farm wastewater) was analyzed in order to study the consequences of fertigation on the anatomical structure and the chemical composition of wood as well as its recalcitrance to enzymatic saccharification. For all sites, the results showed no difference between control and fertigated irrigated plants neither for anatomical variables nor for wood density, suggesting that these cultivars would have been resilient to the application of organic effluent. Regarding the effect of fertigation on wood chemical composition and recalcitrance, the plants response varied between sites. No effects was observed for Beaverlodge cultivars but we measured a decrease in extractables content and an increase of sugar yields for some cultivars of Whitecourt and finally, an increase in xylose content and a decrease of the rate of sugar yields for most of Hillsborough genotypes. This difference in response between the three sites may suggest that site-specific factors such as wastewater composition but also distinct environmental conditions may have influenced the chemical composition of the wood as well as its recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, we found that the recalcitrance of a given biomass is not exclusively related to its cellulose content since for more than one cultivar glucose yield was higher than for others which had higher cellulose content. Finally, chemical analyzes of the different cultivars made it possible to detect a great variability in the content of cellulose (glucose) as well as in the index of recalcitrance between genotypes planted on the same site, but the differences were much more pronounced between different sites. However, no genotype being common to the three sites, we cannot clearly conclude on this point, which would therefore merit subsequent studies in order to further refine the selection of varieties at the local level. This thesis allows to demonstrate the potential of willows to filter large quantities of effluents while providing new information on the impacts on the chemical composition and the recalcitrance of the biomass produced under these circumstances. The work presented here may be the necessary basis for an effective optimization of this phytotechnology, both from the point of view of varietal choice and of the modulation of fertigation in the perspective of both the plantation producing biomass for biofuels and as a cost-effective planted filter

    Effet de l’irrigation par l’eau usĂ©e sur la biomasse aĂ©rienne et souterraine d’une culture intensive de saules en courtes rotations

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    Le but de cette Ă©tude est de comprendre l’effet d’une irrigation par les eaux usĂ©es et /ou de la fertilisation par les engrais chimiques sur la productivitĂ© aĂ©rienne et souterraine d’une plantation de saule Salix miyabeana SX67 en CICR dans un contexte de filtre vĂ©gĂ©tal. Nous avons d’une part Ă©valuĂ© l’impact de diverses doses d’eau usĂ©es et/ou de la fertilisation minĂ©rale sur les rendements en biomasse ligneuse d’une culture de saules au cours d’un cycle de croissance de deux ans. D’autre part et pour la mĂȘme pĂ©riode nous avons comparĂ© le dĂ©veloppement racinaire (biomasse, morphologie et distribution dans le sol) suite aux divers traitements. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© qu’au terme de deux ans de croissance, les traitements par les eaux usĂ©es aussi bien que celle par les engrais a permis l’augmentation des rendements de la biomasse aĂ©rienne de notre culture de saules avec un effet plus prononcĂ© suite au traitements des eaux usĂ©es qu’à celui du fertilisant chimique. Nous avons mesurĂ© des productivitĂ©s en biomasse aussi Ă©levĂ©es que 39,4 Mg ha-1 et 54,7 Mg ha-1 et ce pour les parcelles qui ont reçu la plus grande quantitĂ© d'eaux usĂ©es, respectivement pour les saules non fertilisĂ© et fertilisĂ© (D3-NF et D3-F). La majeure partie du systĂšme racinaire Ă©tait en superficie avec 92-96% des racines (racine fine et racine grosse) concentrĂ©es dans les premiers 40 cm de sol et nous avons trouvĂ© que la biomasse des racines fines Ă©tait comprise entre 1,01 et 1,99 Mg ha-1. GĂ©nĂ©ralement la fertilisation chimique n’a pas eu d’effet sur les rendements en biomasse des racines totales et/ou fines. Bien que l’irrigation par les eaux usĂ©es ait entraĂźnĂ© une rĂ©duction statistiquement significative de la biomasse racinaire, nĂ©anmoins cette rĂ©duction n'Ă©tait pas linĂ©aire (avec une rĂ©duction de la biomasse de D0 Ă  D1, une augmentation de D1 Ă  D2 pour rĂ©duire de nouveau de D2 Ă  D3). Cette tendance porte Ă  penser qu'au-delĂ  d'une certaine quantitĂ© d'eau et de nutriments (suite Ă  l’irrigation par les eaux usĂ©es), le dĂ©veloppement du systĂšme racinaire des saules est affectĂ© nĂ©gativement, et bien que la biomasse aĂ©rienne soit restĂ©e Ă©levĂ©e sous le traitement D3, nous pensons que le dĂ©veloppement de la plante a Ă©tĂ© quelque peu dĂ©sĂ©quilibrĂ©. Aucun changement significatif n'a Ă©tĂ© constatĂ© dans les traits morphologiques liĂ©s Ă  l'irrigation par les eaux usĂ©es.The aim of this study was to understand the effect of both wastewater and/or mineral fertilisation on above- and belowground biomass of a Salix miyabeana SX67 willow SRC in a filter vegetation context. We firstly assessed the impact of various doses of wastewater and/or mineral fertilization on biomass yield after two season growth. On the other hand and during the same period we estimated root production and assessed vertical root distribution and roots morphology in response to various treatments doses. The results showed that after two years of growth both mineral fertilization and wastewater sewage fertilization enhanced willow aboveground biomass yields, with a more accurate effect due to wastewater irrigation than the mineral fertilization. We recorded high biomass yields such as 39.4 Mg ha-1 and 54.7 Mg ha-1 respectively for unfertilized and fertilized plants plots which benefits with the largest amount of wastewater (D3-NF and D3-F). We found that most of the roots were contained in top soil layers with 92-96% of the total roots (including fine and coarse roots) concentrated within the first 40 cm of soil depth, fine root biomass ranged between 1.01 and 1, 99 Mg ha-1. Neither mineral fertilization nor wastewater sewage irrigation showed an effect on total or fine roots biomass yields. Although we found a statistically significant decrease prior to wastewater treatments, this reduction was not linear (with a decrease of the biomass from D0 to D1, increased from D1 to D2 to go down again from D2 to D3). This pattern suggests that beyond a certain amount of water and nutrients (due to irrigation with wastewater) the development of the willow root system is negatively affected, and although the aboveground biomass remained high in the D3 treatment, we believe that the development of the plant was somewhat unbalanced. No significant changes were found in the deep morphological traits related to irrigation with sewage wastewater

    Robust Asynchronous H∞ Observer-Based Control Design for Discrete-Time Switched Singular Systems with Time-Varying Delay and Sensor Saturation: An Average Dwell Time Approach

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    This work discuss the robust stabilization problem for discrete-time switched singular systems with simultaneous presence of time-varying delay and sensor nonlinearity. To this end, an observer-based controller was synthesized that works under asynchronous switching signals. Investigating the average dwell time approach and using a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with triple sum terms, sufficient conditions were derived for achieving the existence of such asynchronous controller and guaranteeing the resulting closed-loop system to be exponentially admissible with H∞ performance level. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme was verified through two numerical examples

    Optimization of the wastewater treatment capacity of a short rotation willow coppice vegetation filter

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    The objective of this study was to determine the conditions to optimize the wastewater treatment efficiency of a short rotation willow coppice (SRWC) plantation (Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’) used as a vegetation filter to treat small municipal primary effluents (with less than 800 population equivalent). With the aim of maximizing the annual amount of wastewater treated, the effect of adjusting the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) according to the estimated evapotranspiration was tested at demonstration scale under humid continental climate conditions. We proposed a new method to calculate the evapotranspiration rate from plant physiological data, introducing an α factor based on direct transpiration measurements. This method increased the accuracy of the water balance, with a prediction of the crop coefficient (kc) based on either an seasonal approach (R2 of 0.88) or a monthly approach (R2 of 0.94). This led to a more precise estimation of the pollutant loading reaching the groundwater and could be used after plantation establishment as a fine-tuning tool. Adjusting the HLR to that of evapotranspiration between May and October led to an annual increase of 2 mm/d (around 0.35 m3/m2 per growing season) in HLR, while maintaining a pollutant loading removal efficiency of at least 96% for organic matter, 99% for total phosphorus and 93% for total nitrogen. A high HLR at the end of the season caused nitrogen leaching into groundwater, indicating that the HLR should be decreased in October, when willow growth is greatly reduced

    Sustainability analysis of primary wastewater treatment by willow plantations in Québec

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    Wastewater treatment is a necessary step to avoid environmental impacts of water consumption and usage. Traditional approaches are expensive and are limited to developed countries. Phytofiltration using fast-growing trees and shrubs like willows potentially offer an alternative. This paper aims to determine if wastewater treatment using phytofiltration can provide complementary environmental and economic benefits for rural communities in a Nordic climate such as the province of Québec, Canada. It looks at different perspectives of the wastewater treatment solution in a local and rural context. Based on life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCC), we found that, for an exemplar Québec municipality, the conventional wastewater treatment scenario impacted more on climate change, ecosystem quality and human health than the two phytofiltration of wastewater scenarios studied, where impact is highly dependant on the biomass valorization. The net present cost of the phytofiltration scenarios were lower than typical conventional treatment in Québec. For a biomass producer, conventional biomass production had the highest environmental impact on ecosystem quality, while biomass production from phytofiltration had the highest environmental impact on climate change, human health, and resources. We demonstrate that the phytofiltration is a viable and multifunctional technology that could provide good incentives for a local biomass value chain. it allows to both alleviate wastewater treatment burden and provide affordable biomass for bioenergy development for rural communities. Mobilizing local stakeholders will be key to make phytofiltration an alternative solution for both environmental burden alleviation and rural economic development

    Box-Behnken design for extraction optimization of crude polysaccharides from Tunisian Phormidium versicolor cyanobacteria (NCC 466): Partial characterization, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

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    © 2017 In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the aqueous extraction of crude polysaccharides from Tunisian cyanobacteria Phormidium versicolor (NCC 466). The optimal extraction conditions with an extraction yield of 21.56 ± 0.92% were as follows: extraction temperature at 81.05 °C, extraction time of 3.99 h, and water to raw material ratio of 21.52 mL g−1. Crude Phormidium versicolor polysaccharides (CPv-PS) are found to be a hetero-sulfated-anionic polysaccharides that contained carbohydrate (79.37 ± 1.58%), protein (0.45 ± 0.11%), uronic acids (4.37 ± 0.19%) and sulfate (6.83 ± 0.28%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of arabinose, xylose, ribose, rhamnose, N-acetyl glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid and saccharose with corresponding mole percentages of 2.41, 14.58, 2.18, 6.23, 7.04, 28.21, 26.04, 3.02, 0.86 and 5.07, respectively. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity in vitro suggested that CPv-PS strongly scavenged radicals, prevented bleaching of ÎČ-carotene and reduced activity. Furthermore, the CPv-PS exhibited effective antimicrobial properties
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