Development of a Global SDG Progress Index Aimed at “Leaving No One Behind”

The data used in this study are publicly available and can found online as follows: SDG Index https://www.sdgindex.org/reports/, GDP, and Population: International Monetary Fund web (i.e., 2017) https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx. Surface area: World Bank DataBases https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.SRF.TOTL.K2.The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) constitute a set of shared global objectives for the development over the coming years, which both developed and developing countries are working together to achieve. It is, however, very difficult to know from tracking national-level SDG performance estimates whether steps are being taken to arrive at 2030 with an adequate degree of compliance, and fully delivering on the aim of “leaving no one behind”. This paper proposes and evaluates a Global SDG Progress Index which exploits the reported country rankings for the SDG Index, and incorporates a series of weighting coefficients to effectively involve all countries in improving SDG performance, regardless of their position in the ranking. Thresholds for the index are established to determine the adequacy of progress in relation to the 2030 goals. The results show that the current rate of progress in developing countries (assuming as an indicator GDP per capita values) is insufficient to achieve equitable compliance with the SDGs at the global level.Xunta de Galicia through the project "Ayudas para la consolidacion y estructuracion de unidades de investigacion competitivas. Modalidad "Grupo de referencia competitiva"" ED431C 2018/56European Union (EU) 754446UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund-Athenea3

Comparison of three different numerical implementations tomodel rainfall-runoff transformation on roofs

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG[Abstract:] Roofs represent a high percentage of the impervious surfaces in urban areas, and hence their implementation in urban drainage models is essential for accurate results to be achieved. Current modelling approaches are based on parameters such as a roof's slope and width, its roughness coefficient, and the initial abstraction. In this study, an experimental campaign was performed in order to assess the sensitivity of the roof runoff hydrographs to these parameters. The experimental tests were carried out in a new large-scale urban drainage facility equipped with a rainfall simulator. The experimental tests were replicated numerically using three different levels of model resolution, from a high fidelity representation with a spatial resolution of 5 mm (which can be considered a digital twin) to a lumped representation. Our experimental results show that, for practical purposes, the sensitivity of the outlet runoff hydrograph to the roof slope tested is negligible. The numerical upscaling analysis carried out showed that flat roofs present a slightly different hydrograph behaviour with greater times of concentration than sloped roofs. No significant sensitivity of the outlet hydrograph to the surface roughness coefficient was found. In terms of numerical modelling, the use of a very high spatial resolution for the roof, which implies a high computational cost, does not affect the results significantly compared to the far simpler lumped approach. The current research involves the first thorough experimental and computational analysis of the runoff over roofs to date.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PID2020-118368RB-I0

Modelling Pluvial Flooding in Urban Areas Coupling the Models Iber and SWMM

[Abstract] Dual urban drainage models allow users to simulate pluvial urban flooding by analysing the interaction between the sewer network (minor drainage system) and the overland flow (major drainage system). This work presents a free distribution dual drainage model linking the models Iber and Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), which are a 2D overland flow model and a 1D sewer network model, respectively. The linking methodology consists in a step by step calling process from Iber to a Dynamic-link Library (DLL) that contains the functions in which the SWMM code is split. The work involves the validation of the model in a simplified urban street, in a full-scale urban drainage physical model and in a real urban settlement. The three study cases have been carefully chosen to show and validate the main capabilities of the model. Therefore, the model is developed as a tool that considers the main hydrological and hydraulic processes during a rainfall event in an urban basin, allowing the user to plan, evaluate and design new or existing urban drainage systems in a realistic way.Xunta de Galicia; EAPA_45/201

Efecto de la densidad de población y la distribución de tallas en la erosión de berberechos Cerastoderma edule adultos

A series of experimental flume experiments were carried out to evaluate the passive transport of the adult cockle Cerastoderma edule with shell sizes from 15 to 35 mm. The purpose of the study was to measure the erosion of this bivalve under controlled laboratory conditions, reproducing the current velocities and the cockle size distribution found at the Lombos do Ulla river mouth in Spain during high river discharges. Increasing velocities (0.29, 0.31, 0.35, 0.40, 0.44 and 0.47 m s–1) were applied to the bivalves, analysing the influence of population density (500 and 1000 ind. m–2), activity (live vs dead individuals), and mollusc size and distribution. To assess the effect of bivalve size distribution on the cockle transport, uniform and non-uniform cockle size distributions were tested. The particle image velocimetry technique and the double-averaged methodology were used to determine velocity fields during the experiments. In the experiments cockle erosion rates were found to be directly related to the flow velocity and inversely related to the population density. The erosion behaviour of uniform and graded cockle size distributions showed differences similar to those found in the bedload transport of uniform and non-uniform sediment mixtures. Our results provide a mechanism to explain the observed physical transport of bivalve populations after large storm events.En este trabajo se han desarrollado una serie de ensayos en laboratorio analizando el transporte de berberechos Cerastoderma edule adultos de tamaños de entre 15 y 35 mm. El objetivo del estudio ha sido medir la erosión de este bivalvo bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio, reproduciendo las velocidades y la distribución de tamaños del berberecho del banco marisquero de Os Lombos do Ulla (España) durante episodios de caudales altos en la desembocadura del río. Una serie de velocidades crecientes (0.29, 0.31, 0.35, 0.40, 0.44 y 0.47 m s–1) fueron aplicadas a los bivalvos, analizando la influencia de la densidad de población (500 y 1000 ind. m–2), la actividad (berberechos vivos vs muertos), y la talla y distribución de tamaños. Para estudiar el efecto de la distribución de tamaños de los bivalvos en su transporte se emplearon distribuciones uniformes y no uniformes de berberechos. Para estimar los campos de velocidades durante los experimentos se aplicó la técnica de velocimetría láser de partículas (PIV) y la metodología del doble promediado (DA). En los experimentos se halló que el transporte de los berberechos está directamente relacionado con la velocidad del flujo e inversamente relacionado con la densidad de población. Los procesos de erosión de las distribuciones de berberechos uniformes y graduadas presentaron diferencias similares a las halladas en el transporte de mezclas de sedimentos uniformes y no uniformes. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan un mecanismo que explica el transporte observado de las poblaciones de bivalvos después de grandes episodios de tormenta

Estimation of flood-exposed population in data-scarce regions combining satellite imagery and high resolution hydrological-hydraulic modelling: A case study in the Licungo basin (Mozambique)

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG[Abstract:] Study Region Licungo basin (Mozambique) Study Focus The Licungo basin (23,263 km2) suffers frequent severe flooding due to tropical storms, in a country that is among the world’s most vulnerable in terms of exposure to weather-related hazards and climate change. We propose a methodology for the estimation of the population exposed to flooding at the catchment scale in data-scarce regions, combining satellite imagery with integrated high-resolution hydrological-hydraulic modelling. All the input data needed are retrieved from freely-available global satellite products. The numerical model is also freeware. The methodology is therefore replicable worldwide. An estimate of the flood extent and exposed population during Tropical Storm Ana (January 2022) is presented as a case study. New Hydrological Insights for the Region Current freely-available satellite products in combination with high-resolution hydrological-hydraulic models can be used to estimate the population exposed to flooding in the whole catchment. This estimate is more realistic than the one obtained using satellite imagery alone, since satellite images are very rarely taken at the time of maximum flooding. Using the proposed methodology, we estimate that over 273,000 people (out of 1.5 million) were exposed to flooding in the Licungo basin during Tropical Storm Ana. This represents 18% of the basin population and is 8 times larger than the estimate obtained using only the available satellite images.European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Operations (ECHO); ECHO/-SF/BUD/2018/9100

Nonintrusive Method to Compute Water Discharge in Pipes with a Low Depth-to-Diameter Ratio Using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry

[Abstract] A nonintrusive method to calculate water depth and discharge in partially full pipes using data from a single ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter (UDV) profiler is presented. The position of the free surface is identified from the velocity profiles measured with the UDV. The flow discharge is computed from an approximated parameterization of the velocity field in the cross-section, using a single measured velocity profile. The proposed methodology was applied to steady and unsteady flow conditions in two different pipes with diameters of 90 and 200 mm, and depth-to-diameter ratios up to 0.35. Under these conditions, the water depth and discharge were measured with mean absolute errors of 1 mm and 0.1 L=s in the 90-mm pipe and 0.5 mm and 0.05 L=s in the 200-mm pipe. These errors are almost independent of the discharge[Resumen] Este trabajo presenta un método no intrusivo para calcular el calado y el caudal en tuberías parcialmente llenas con datos de un solo perfilador Doppler ultrasónico (UDV). La posición de la superficie libre se identifica a partir de los perfiles de velocidad medidos con el UDV. El caudal de flujo se calcula a partir de una parametrización aproximada del campo de velocidades en la sección transversal, utilizando un único perfil vertical de velocidad medido en la sección central de la tubería. La metodología propuesta se ha aplicado a condiciones de flujo estacionarias y no estacionarias en dos tuberías de diámetros de 90 y 200 mm, y relaciones de y/H de hasta 0.35. En estas condiciones, el calado y caudal se midieron con errores medios absolutos de 1 mm y 0.1 L/s en el tubo de diámetro 90 mm y 0.5 mm y 0.05 L/s en el de 200 mm. Estos errores son casi independientes del caudal circulante

Experimental study of depth-discharge equations and velocity patterns on vertical slot fishways

Fishways are hydraulic structures that enable fish to go through transverse obstructions to continue their upstream migrations. This paper presents the results of a scale model of a vertical slot fishway. For two different slopes, the performance of two particular designs of vertical slot fishways was studied for a wide range of discharges. Water depths were measured in the almost all the surface of pools. A linear relation between dimensionless discharge and depth of flow, and the same flow patterns for each design were found. With an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV), three-dimensional velocities were measured at several levels in the entire pool to appreciate the structure of the flow. Two different regions in flow patterns were found: a direct flow region characterized for maximum velocities; and a recirculation region, defined by small velocities and horizontal eddies

A 2D numerical model using finite volume method for sediment transport in rivers

River Flow 2002 Congress, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium[Abstract] The study of rivers as ecosystems has many fields of research, like the resolution and comprehension of flow and sediment transport phenomena. In this communication a 2D numerical model using the Finite Volume Method is presented, throughout a Fortran code including both hydrodynamic and morphological processes. Water depth and the two components of velocity are obtained in the hydrodynamic block. Then, the code enters the morphological block and evolution of bed surface due to erosion and deposition is estimated. A specific tolerance in morphological changes is introduced and, if exceeded, the numerical model turns to the hydrodynamic block to evaluate again the new conditions, and so on. The model is tested and validated with data from PIV and 3D Scanning Technologies in laboratory works at the Civil Engineering School and the CITEEC of the University of A Coruña, Spain

Development and Calibration of a New Dripper-Based Rainfall Simulator for Large-Scale Sediment Wash-off Studies

[Abstract] Rainfall simulators are useful tools for controlling the main variables that govern natural rainfall. In this study, a new drop-forming rainfall simulator, which consists of pressure-compensating dripper grids above a horizontal mesh that breaks and distributes raindrops, was developed to be applied in wash-off experiments in a large-scale physical model of 36 m2. The mesh typology and size, and its distance to drippers, were established through a calibration where rain uniformity and distributions of raindrop sizes and velocities were compared with local natural rainfall. Finally, the rain properties of the final solution were measured for the three rain intensities that the rainfall simulator is able to generate (30, 50 and 80 mm/h), obtaining almost uniform rainfalls with uniformity coefficients of 81%, 89% and 91%, respectively. This, together with the very suitable raindrop size distribution obtained, and the raindrop velocities of around 87.5% of the terminal velocity for the mean raindrop diameter, makes the proposed solution optimal for wash-off studies, where rain properties are key in the detachment of particles. In addition, the flexibility seen in controlling rain characteristics increases the value of the proposed design in that it is adaptable to a wide range of studies.The first author was in receipt of a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities predoctoral grant FPU14/01778. The project was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under POREDRAIN project RTI2018-094217-B-C33 (MINECO/FEDER-EU)