Visual Statistical Learning Contributes to Word Segmentation during Reading ofUnspaced Chinese Sentences

We investigated whether Chinese readers learn to segment words automatically while reading unspaced sentences throughstatistical learning. Experiment 1 replicated Saffran et al.s (1997) study using Chinese monosyllables presented auditorilyto foreign learners of Chinese. The learning outcome was .57 on a two-alternative forced-choice test, statistically betterthan guessing (.5). Experiment 2 repeated Experiment 1 but presented the Chinese monosyllable string visually as acharacter string. Experiment 3 repeated Experiment 2 but doubled the exposure. Experiment 4 repeated Experiment 2with characters of fewer numbers of strokes. The learning outcomes were .53, .52, and .52., not significant when testedindividually, but was significant when the data were combined. At least 60% of the participants in each experiment showedthe effect. We conclude that visual statistical learning does contribute to automatic word segmentation in Chinese reading

Visual Statistical Learning in the Reading of Unspaced Chinese Sentences

Chinese texts are renowned for the lack of physical spaces between words in a sentence. Reading these sentences requires a stage of word segmentation, the mechanism of which may involve visual statistical learning. In three experiments employing the RSVP task along with the Saffran et al. (1997) paradigm, we provided evidence that foreign learners of Chinese could capture the statistical information embedded in a string of characters and use that information to tell apart a “word” from a “nonword”. The statistical learning effect (.57) was comparable to that observed previously in an auditory task using the same stimuli. The results of the experiments also suggested that significant visual statistical learning required a conscious level of processing that directed the participants’ attention at the characters as well as an unconscious level, at which the distributional information across the characters can be continuously computed and accumulated

NAT Traversal for Peer-to-Peer Push-to-Talk Service

近年來由於網路相關應用相當發達，因此使得IPv4位址不敷使用，所幸1994年5月，K. Egevang和P. Francis提出了NAT的技術，解決IP位址不足之問題，但相對的，也造成VoIP和P2P在NAT環境下會遭遇到需多問題。雖然已有許多NAT Traversal的方法被提出，但這些方法若在具有Port Overloading Behavior之NAT內仍然可能發生問題。因此本文主要將以Peer-to-Peer Push-to-Talk系統為例，提出兩種解決Port Overloading Behavior NAT所造成的問題之方法。 本文首先將於第一章簡介NAT之運作模式與部分NAT Behavior，並介紹Peer-to-Peer Push-to-Talk的系統架構。第二章則會分析這樣的Peer-to-Peer Push-to-Talk架構中，當節點位在NAT的環境下會遭遇到哪些問題與相關之解決方式。第三章將會針對危害最嚴重的Port Overloading Behavior NAT提出兩種解決方式並舉例說明之，同時將會分析兩種方法之優缺點。接著第四章會列出我們對於市面銷售的12台NAT裝置，部分NAT Behavior之測試結果。第五章則是會將兩種方法進行實驗，驗證其在各種情況下之優缺點。Because of the Internet developed in recent year, the IPv4 address space was beginning to be used up. Fortunately, K. Egevang and P. Francis proposed NAT technology to solve the shortage of IPv4 address in May 1994. However, NAT also caused some problems of VoIP and P2P Service. Although there are many NAT traversal methods have been proposed, but these methods couldn’t avoid collision if two or more endpoints behind the same NAT with port overloading Behavior. We will propose two methods to solve the problem of port overloading NAT for peer-to-peer push-to-talk service. The contents of this paper are as follows. First, we will introduce the operation of NAT and some NAT behaviors, then explain the operation and architecture of peer-to-peer push-to-talk services. Second, we will analyze the problems and solutions of peer-to-peer push-to-talk services with NAT. Third, we will explain our two methods for solving port overloading behavior NAT problem. Forth, we will list some NAT behaviors test results of twelve NAT devices. Last but not least, we will propose the experimental results of our two methods.第一章 緒論.............................................1 1.1 研究動機...........................................1 1.2 文獻導覽...........................................2 1.2.1 NAT概述......................................2 1.2.2 點對點隨按即說服務...........................3 1.2.3 STUN概述.....................................4 1.2.4 NAT之Binding Life Time.......................4 1.2.5 NAT之Binding Refresh Behavior................4 1.2.6 NAT之Port Assignment Behavior................5 第二章 點對點隨按即說服務在NAT環境中所遭遇到的問題......7 2.1 穿越NAT............................................7 2.1.1 遭遇問題.....................................7 2.1.2 解決方案.....................................7 2.2 連接埠號碼衝突.....................................9 2.2.1 遭遇問題.....................................9 2.2.2 解決方案....................................11 2.3 當使用者沒有進行通話時............................11 2.3.1 遭遇問題....................................11 2.3.2 解決方案....................................12 2.4 當使用者聆聽他人說話時............................12 2.4.1 遭遇問題....................................12 2.4.2 解決方案....................................12 第三章 連接埠號碼衝突之解決方案........................13 3.1 前言..............................................13 3.2 Basic Approach - Choose a Port Randomly...........13 3.2.1 概述........................................13 3.2.2 運作模式....................................13 3.2.3 優缺點分析..................................14 3.3 Our Approach I - Different Port Assignment........15 3.3.1 概述........................................15 3.3.2 名詞解釋....................................16 3.3.3 運作模式....................................17 3.3.4 範例說明....................................18 3.3.5 Short-Term連接埠號碼衝突之處理..............19 3.3.6 優缺點分析..................................21 3.4 Our Approach II - Different SN Assignment.........22 3.4.1 概述........................................22 3.4.2 名詞解釋....................................22 3.4.3 運作模式....................................23 3.4.4 範例說明....................................25 3.4.5 Short-Term連接埠號碼衝突之處理..............26 3.4.6 優缺點分析..................................27 第四章 NAT行為模式之測試...............................28 4.1 前言..............................................28 4.2 Binding Life Time測試.............................28 4.3 Binding Refresh Behavior測試......................30 4.4 Port Assignment Behavior測試......................32 第五章 實驗結果........................................34 5.1 實驗環境..........................................34 5.2 實驗說明..........................................34 5.3 實驗結果..........................................35 5.3.1 實驗一 ON數量對系統之影響...................35 5.3.2 實驗二 連接埠號碼被其他應用程式佔用之影響...38 5.3.3 實驗三 Short-Term與Long-Term連接埠 數量比例之影響.......................40 5.3.4 實驗四 已註冊之ON數量對系統之影響...........43 第六章 結論............................................46 參考文獻................................................4

Bidirectional referral system between National Taiwan University Hospital medical center and Zhongxiao Branch community hospital of Taipei City Hospital: focus on patient satisfaction

Abstract The policy of bidirectional referral between National Taiwan University Hospital and Taipei City Hospital has been launched due to the over-crowding of the emergency department at National Taiwan University Hospital. This research aims to evaluate patient satisfaction with the bidirectional referral. Sixty-six patients have been referred from the emergency department of National Taiwan University Hospital to Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao campus from April 2015 to December 2017. The selection criteria of the subjects for bidirectional referral include the management of patients classified as triage classification 2 or 3. Exclusion criteria are as follows: incomplete patient records and patients who chose hospice care. Sixty-six patients completed the questionnaires. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the determinants of overall satisfaction scores of the bidirectional referral. The two overall satisfaction scores of patients were high (> 7). Three independent variables, (1) overall satisfaction scores of medical care at Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao campus, (2) waiting times for examination, treatment, and test, and (3) a positive question regarding quality improvement of delivered care for patients and family explained 69.3% adjusted variability of the overall satisfaction scores of bidirectional referrals. Therefore, the policy of bidirectional referrals and direct admission into the wards of Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao campus, from the emergency department of National Taiwan University Hospital met the criteria for patient satisfaction and public accountability