Theft! A History of Music

Greay Whales Eschristius robustus are the only large whales that are specialized bottom feeders, foraging on bottom sediments. When surfacing after a feeding dive a mud plume is formed at the surface as remaining sediment is strained out between the baleen. In the Chukchi Sea, Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris are attrackted to these mud plumes in search of food particles.Gråvalar Eschrichtius robustus är de enda stora valar som är söker föda genom att filtrera bottensediment. Då valen återkommer till ytan uppstår ett sedimentmoln då sediment pressas ut mellan barderna.    Under den svenska expeditionen “Beringia 2005ˮ sågs flockar om flera 10 000 övervintrande kortstjärtade liror Puffinus tenuirostris i Tjuktjerhavet. I områden där även födosökande gråvalar förekom, sökte lirorna aktivt föda i sedimentmolnen. Kortstjärtade liror lever i första hand på krill, och i de områden där de stora flockarna av liror observerades förekom höga koncentrationer plankton. Eftersom lirorna trotts tillgången på plankton dras till sedimentmolnen måste dessa innehålla organismer som är extra attraktiva som föda. Det är sedan tidigare känt att andra havsfåglar dras till sedimentmolnen, men detta är första gången det beskrivs för kortstjärtad lira

Repositioning English and multilingualism in English as a Lingua Franca

In the relatively few years since empirical research into English as a Lingua Franca began being conducted more widely, the field has developed and expanded remarkably, and in myriad ways. In particular, researchers have explored ELF from the perspective of a range of linguistic levels and in an ever-increasing number of sociolinguistic contexts, as well as its synergies with the field of Intercultural Communication and its meaning for the fields of Second Language Acquisition and English as a Foreign Language. The original orientation to ELF communication focused heavily, if not exclusively, on form. In light of increasing empirical evidence, this gave way some years later to an understanding that it is the processes underlying these forms that are paramount, and hence to a focus on ELF users and ELF as social practice. It is argued in this article, however, that ELF is in need of further retheorisation in respect of its essentially multilingual nature: a nature that has always been present in ELF theory and empirical work, but which, I believe, has not so far been sufficiently foregrounded. This article therefore attempts to redress the balance by taking ELF theorisation a small step further in its evolution

Colorectal Cancer Prevention in the North Slope Borough of Alaska Utilizing the Flu-FIT Intervention

The intention of the Flu-FIT intervention is to increase colorectal cancer screening rates by combing two annual activities into one visit that doesn’t necessitate a doctors visit. The original study increased colorectal cancer screening rates by 14 percentage points and this program should be able to show similar results in the North Slope Borough of Alaska. The North Slope Borough has the highest incidence rate of colorectal cancer in the United States, and this proposed intervention could lead to a reduction in that rate by increasing screening and knowledge about colorectal cancer in the community

Measuring and modeling northeastern forest ecosystem response to environmental stresses

Because forest responses to CO\sb2 fertilization and associated climate change are likely to be extremely complex, numerical models representing forest response to an integrated set of future conditions can be useful predictive tools. I compared predictions of forest net primary productivity (NPP) made by two ecosystem process models (PnET-II and TEM 4.0) using different climate scenarios, spatial resolutions, and methods of representing land cover and soils. Decreasing spatial resolution did not appreciably change NPP estimates. Input datasets, particularly climate, land cover, and soil water holding capacity, were important sources of variability in NPP estimates. These datasets interacted with model structures to produce significant variability in NPP predictions, but a comparison with predictions made by other models suggested that model-to-model differences might be even more important than input datasets. Both models predicted a substantial increase in regional forest NPP under climate change, with PnET-II predicting an average increase of 38% and TEM 4.0 predicting an average increase of 30%. The parameterization of the CO\sb2 response, the inclusion/exclusion of N cycling rates, and the accuracy of input datasets were identified as important items for future attention in modeling efforts. The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an aphid-like insect thought native to Japan, is causing significant mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) trees in forests of the northeastern United States. I measured the impact of hemlock mortality caused by adelgid infestation on forest structure and N cycling rates in Connecticut hemlock forests. With hemlock mortality, light availability, soil temperature, and seedling regeneration increased. Annual net N mineralization rates were higher in stands with adelgid-induced mortality, and annual nitrification rates increased thirty-fold. No change was evident in soil organic matter (SOM) content. N turnover rates increased significantly with hemlock mortality. Increased decomposition rates are changing the quality of the organic matter in the forest floor and mineral soil, but the effect of accelerated decomposition on SOM will not be visible for several more years. The short-term impact of adelgid infestation may be more severe in terms of species composition than in terms of decomposition and nutrient cycling rates

Mark of the Devil: The University as Brand Bully

In recent years, universities have been accused in news stories of becoming “trademark bullies,” entities that use their trademarks to harass and intimidate beyond what the law can reasonably be interpreted to allow. Universities have also intensified efforts to gain expansive new marks. The Ohio State University’s attempt to trademark the word “the” is probably the most notorious. There has also been criticism of universities’ attempts to use their trademarks to police clearly legal speech about their activities. But beyond provocative anecdotes, how can one assess whether a particular university is truly bullying, since there are entirely legitimate reasons for universities—like all trademark holders—to assert their rights? Online “rankings” of trademark bullies have obscure methodologies. We lack both an empirical account of major aspects of the landscape, and a rigorous case study giving individualized, almost ethnographic, information about what the accused academic trademark bullies think they are doing. What are their legal arguments and how would impartial experts assess those claims? What is their intellectual property worldview, their idea of the role that trademarks have in the university’s mission? In this Article, we attempt to provide an answer to those questions. We conducted the first empirical study of a prominent university’s trademark assertion practice—both the legitimate exercise and defense of its brands and conduct that strays over the line into bullying. To do this, we took the university popularly identified as the number one collegiate trademark bully and conducted a comparative empirical ranking of its behavior as compared to other classes of universities—academically elite institutions, major sports programs and so on—to find out if any of these categories were predictors of aggressive trademark assertion. Second, we hand-coded every single trademark opposition filed by the alleged bully over a four-year period, assigning each one a numerical merit score. We also analyzed the arguments that the university provided, thus allowing us not merely to identify whether this was a true case of bullying, but what the alleged bully had to say for itself. Unfortunately, the accused bully is our own university, Duke. Is Duke an outlier or a bellwether? There are reasons to suspect the latter. After assessing a variety of possible explanations for anomalous aggressiveness in trademark assertion, ranging from legal change and licensing culture to behavioral economics, the Article concludes with suggestions for reform, both of the law and of university practices

Intellectual Property: Law & The Information Society

This book is an introduction to intellectual property law, the set of private legal rights that allows individuals and corporations to control intangible creations and marks—from logos to novels to drug formulae—and the exceptions and limitations that define those rights. It focuses on the three main forms of US federal intellectual property—trademark, copyright and patent—but many of the ideas discussed here apply far beyond those legal areas and far beyond the law of the United States