Wirtschaftsbauten in der antiken Stadt

Über die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert. Für den Waren- und Geldverkehr standen in den Städten eigene Gebäude zur Verfügung, die im römischen Reich von Speicherbauten in bedeutenden Wirtschaftszentren und Hafenorten bis zu Bank- und Börsengebäuden an den zentralen Plätzen der Städte reichten. Diese Bauten wurden von Archäologen und Bauhistorikern vielfach untersucht, wobei Bauweise und Gestaltung im Vordergrund standen. Wirtschaftshistoriker befassten sich intensiv mit Handels- und Geldgeschäften, ohne Zusammenhänge mit Baulichkeiten in den Blick zu nehmen. Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit eröffnet neue Perspektiven. Mit dem Wissen über wirtschaftliche Vorgänge lassen sich Bauten besser verstehen, und Bauwerke können ökonomische Vorgänge sichtbar machen. Das wurde beim erstmaligen Gedankenaustausch zwischen den verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen rasch deutlich. Der vorliegende Tagungsband enthält Beiträge über Handelsformen und Handelsbeziehungen, er stellt Speichergebäude und Kaufmannshäuser vor und beleuchtet mit dem Magdalensberg bei Kärnten ein bedeutendes Zentrum der Erzgewinnung und der Metallverarbeitung. Einen besonderen Platz nimmt die römische Basilika als großartiges Bank- und Börsengebäude ein, dessen Entwicklung um 200 v. Chr. quasi schlagartig am Forum Romanum begann und die neue Vormacht Rom als Zentrum der antiken Wirtschaft und zentrale Instanz des Wirtschafts- und Steuerrechts mit neuen Maßstäben auch städtebaulich prägte. Die beiden letzten Beiträge befassen sich mit der weiteren Entwicklung des Begriffes Basilika und seinen Nachwirkungen im Kirchenbau und in der Architekturtheorie bis heute

International genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new primary biliary cirrhosis risk loci and targetable pathogenic pathways.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a classical autoimmune liver disease for which effective immunomodulatory therapy is lacking. Here we perform meta-analyses of discovery data sets from genome-wide association studies of European subjects (n=2,764 cases and 10,475 controls) followed by validation genotyping in an independent cohort (n=3,716 cases and 4,261 controls). We discover and validate six previously unknown risk loci for PBC (Pcombined<5 × 10(-8)) and used pathway analysis to identify JAK-STAT/IL12/IL27 signalling and cytokine-cytokine pathways, for which relevant therapies exist

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The handbook

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) is a constraint-based or declarative approach to linguistic knowledge, which analyses all descriptive levels (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) with feature value pairs, structure sharing, and relational constraints. In syntax it assumes that expressions have a single relatively simple constituent structure. This volume provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the framework. Various chapters discuss basic assumptions and formal foundations, describe the evolution of the framework, and go into the details of the main syntactic phenomena. Further chapters are devoted to non-syntactic levels of description. The book also considers related fields and research areas (gesture, sign languages, computational linguistics) and includes chapters comparing HPSG with other frameworks (Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Construction Grammar, Dependency Grammar, and Minimalism).  

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The handbook

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) is a constraint-based or declarative approach to linguistic knowledge, which analyses all descriptive levels (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) with feature value pairs, structure sharing, and relational constraints. In syntax it assumes that expressions have a single relatively simple constituent structure. This volume provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the framework. Various chapters discuss basic assumptions and formal foundations, describe the evolution of the framework, and go into the details of the main syntactic phenomena. Further chapters are devoted to non-syntactic levels of description. The book also considers related fields and research areas (gesture, sign languages, computational linguistics) and includes chapters comparing HPSG with other frameworks (Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Construction Grammar, Dependency Grammar, and Minimalism).  

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The handbook

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) is a constraint-based or declarative approach to linguistic knowledge, which analyses all descriptive levels (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) with feature value pairs, structure sharing, and relational constraints. In syntax it assumes that expressions have a single relatively simple constituent structure. This volume provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the framework. Various chapters discuss basic assumptions and formal foundations, describe the evolution of the framework, and go into the details of the main syntactic phenomena. Further chapters are devoted to non-syntactic levels of description. The book also considers related fields and research areas (gesture, sign languages, computational linguistics) and includes chapters comparing HPSG with other frameworks (Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Construction Grammar, Dependency Grammar, and Minimalism).  

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The handbook

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) is a constraint-based or declarative approach to linguistic knowledge, which analyses all descriptive levels (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) with feature value pairs, structure sharing, and relational constraints. In syntax it assumes that expressions have a single relatively simple constituent structure. This volume provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the framework. Various chapters discuss basic assumptions and formal foundations, describe the evolution of the framework, and go into the details of the main syntactic phenomena. Further chapters are devoted to non-syntactic levels of description. The book also considers related fields and research areas (gesture, sign languages, computational linguistics) and includes chapters comparing HPSG with other frameworks (Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Construction Grammar, Dependency Grammar, and Minimalism).  

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The handbook

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) is a constraint-based or declarative approach to linguistic knowledge, which analyses all descriptive levels (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) with feature value pairs, structure sharing, and relational constraints. In syntax it assumes that expressions have a single relatively simple constituent structure. This volume provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the framework. Various chapters discuss basic assumptions and formal foundations, describe the evolution of the framework, and go into the details of the main syntactic phenomena. Further chapters are devoted to non-syntactic levels of description. The book also considers related fields and research areas (gesture, sign languages, computational linguistics) and includes chapters comparing HPSG with other frameworks (Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Construction Grammar, Dependency Grammar, and Minimalism).  

Aspects de l’artisanat en milieu urbain : Gaule et Occident romain

Le colloque international intitulé L'artisanat antique en milieu urbain de Gaule romaine et des régions voisines s'est tenu à Autun, du 20 au 22 septembre 2007, à l'initiative de Pascale Chardron-Picault. Cet événement s'inscrivait certes dans la prolongation de plusieurs rencontres et monographies qui se sont efforcées, ces dernières années, de faire le point sur l'artisanat durant la période romaine, mais il apportait quelque chose de plus. Il se déroulait dans le chef-lieu de la cité des Éduens, et cela a assurément contribué à sa coloration spécifique. La qualité et la diversité des productions artisanales d'Autun-Augustodunum apparaissent en effet aujourd'hui avec toujours davantage d'évidence. Malgré cela, une minorité des 33 études réunies dans ces Actes est consacrée à Autun et à la Bourgogne antique, l'ambition du colloque étant de toucher toute la Gaule, et même l'Italie et les provinces occidentales de l'Empire. Le volume s'organise autour de trois thèmes : - Le premier, Les espaces urbains réservés à l'artisanat, regroupe des contributions portant sur la nature des métiers pratiqués dans les villes et leur évolution, sur leur localisation dans des quartiers réservés ou au contraire sur leur imbrication avec d'autres activités dans les zones commerçantes. - Le second, Vie, statut et savoir-faire des artisans, apporte notamment un éclairage renouvelé sur l'homme-artisan, son statut, son apprentissage, sa reconnaissance sociale…, dans une visée ample d'archéologie et d'histoire sociale, d'histoire économique, d'histoire des savoirs. - Le troisième, La transformation des matériaux, rassemble des synthèses sur la place de ces activités, la connaissance des techniques et des savoir-faire, grâce à de nouvelles découvertes et surtout de nouvelles analyses. La rencontre a ainsi permis de faire progresser la connaissance sur une série de questions majeures : l'insertion des ateliers dans les villes et les liens entre production et urbanisme, l'aménagement des ateliers et des boutiques, les chaînes opératoires, l'organisation par corps de métiers, les circuits économiques, les évolutions et les changements techniques et de mode. La qualité et la variété des auteurs, historiens et spécialistes des techniques, archéologues, archéomètres, archéozoologues, épigraphistes, historiens de l'art, l'équilibre entre les synthèses, les études d'un métier ou d'un site et l'approche historique ont permis de dépasser la diversité des approches pour étudier sous toutes ses facettes « l'artisan… héros secret » de l'histoire ancienne, pour paraphraser une formule célèbre de P. Vidal-Naquet

Pretreatment prediction of response to ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis: development and validation of the UDCA Response Score.

BACKGROUND Treatment guidelines recommend a stepwise approach to primary biliary cholangitis: all patients begin treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) monotherapy and those with an inadequate biochemical response after 12 months are subsequently considered for second-line therapies. However, as a result, patients at the highest risk can wait the longest for effective treatment. We determined whether UDCA response can be accurately predicted using pretreatment clinical parameters. METHODS We did logistic regression analysis of pretreatment variables in a discovery cohort of patients in the UK with primary biliary cholangitis to derive the best-fitting model of UDCA response, defined as alkaline phosphatase less than 1·67 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), measured after 12 months of treatment with UDCA. We validated the model in an external cohort of patients with primary biliary cholangitis and treated with UDCA in Italy. Additionally, we assessed correlations between model predictions and key histological features, such as biliary injury and fibrosis, on liver biopsy samples. FINDINGS 2703 participants diagnosed with primary biliary cholangitis between Jan 1, 1998, and May 31, 2015, were included in the UK-PBC cohort for derivation of the model. The following pretreatment parameters were associated with lower probability of UDCA response: higher alkaline phosphatase concentration (p<0·0001), higher total bilirubin concentration (p=0·0003), lower aminotransferase concentration (p=0·0012), younger age (p<0·0001), longer interval from diagnosis to the start of UDCA treatment (treatment time lag, p<0·0001), and worsening of alkaline phosphatase concentration from diagnosis (p<0·0001). Based on these variables, we derived a predictive score of UDCA response. In the external validation cohort, 460 patients diagnosed with primary biliary cholangitis were treated with UDCA, with follow-up data until May 31, 2016. In this validation cohort, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the score was 0·83 (95% CI 0·79-0·87). In 20 liver biopsy samples from patients with primary biliary cholangitis, the UDCA response score was associated with ductular reaction (r=-0·556, p=0·0130) and intermediate hepatocytes (probability of response was 0·90 if intermediate hepatocytes were absent vs 0·51 if present). INTERPRETATION We have derived and externally validated a model based on pretreatment variables that accurately predicts UDCA response. Association with histological features provides face validity. This model provides a basis to explore alternative approaches to treatment stratification in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council and University of Milan-Bicocca