PENGARUH VARIASI TEGANGAN DAN WAKTU PADA PROSES PELAPISAN NIKEL TERHADAP KEKUATAN BENDING BAJA ST 41

Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh variasi tegangan dan waktu lama proses pelapisan nikel terhadap kekuatan bending material baja ST41. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh tegangan, waktu pelapisan terhadap kekuatan bending material baja ST 41 setelah dilakukan proses pelapisan nikel. Pengujiannya menggunakan standar pengujian bending ASTM B489. Proses pelapisan nikel menggunakan variasi tegangan 3 volt, 4 volt, 5volt dan variasi waktu lama proses pelapisan 5 menit, 10 menit, 15 menit. Pada material yang dilapisi menggunakan tegangan 4 volt dan waktu 10 menit memperoleh hasil rata-rata kekuatan bending maksimal tertinggi yaitu 4338,54 N , sedangkan pada raw material rata-rata kekuatan bending maksimalnya sebesar 3976,56 N. Hasil pengujian tersebut membuktikan bahwa proses pelapisan nikel berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan bending material, ini didukung dengan hasil pengujian statistik menggunakan univariate two way anova yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh variasi tegangan pada proses pelapisan nikel terhadap kekuatan bending yang dihasilkan dengan besarnya pengaruh sebesar 10,9% , sedangkan lama waktu proses pelapisan tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan karena semakin tebal lapisan nikel yang menempel pada material, maka semakin mudah rusak pula lapisan tersebut ketika dikenai beban bending. Kata Kunci: baja st41, elektroplating nikel, pengujian bending, variasi tegangan, dan lama waktu

The Use of 3-2-1 Strategy in Teaching Reading Comprehension on Report Text

The 3-2-1 strategy is a reading strategy that requires students\u27 participation on summarizing ideas from the text, encourages them to think independently, and invites them to engage with the text. The aim of this research was to investigated whether the 3-2-1 strategy increased students\u27 achievement in reading comprehension on report text. Reading comprehension is the process of simultaneously extracting meaning through interaction and involvement with written language. Report text is a text presenting information about something like social phenomena in our environment. The research method used a pre-experimental research. The population of the ninth grade students of SMP Pertiwi Pontianak in academic year 2015/2016 consisted of 26 students and sample consisted of 24 students. The data was calculated and the result showed that the mean score of pre-test was 5.63 and post-test was 7.77. There was significant difference of students mean score in reading comprehension on report text between pre-test and post-test after treatment. The 3-2-1 strategy can be applied in teaching learning process to increasing the knowledge of reading text

Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Regulates the Expansion of Tumor-Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a hetero geneous group of cells, which can suppress the immune response, promote tumor progression and impair the efficacy of immunotherapies. Consequently, the pharmacological targeting of MDSC is emerging as a new immunotherapeutic strategy to stimulate the natural anti-tumor immune response and potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapies. Herein, we leveraged genetically modified models and a small molecule inhibitor to validate Calcium-Calmodulin Kinase Kinase 2 (CaMKK2) as a druggable target to control MDSC accumulation in tumor-bearing mice. The results indicated that deletion of CaMKK2 in the host attenuated the growth of engrafted tumor cells, and this phenomenon was associated with increased antitumor T cell response and decreased accumulation of MDSC. The adoptive transfer of MDSC was sufficient to restore the ability of the tumor to grow in Camkk2-/- mice, confirming the key role of MDSC in the mechanism of tumor rejection. In vitro studies indicated that blocking of CaMKK2 is sufficient to impair the yield of MDSC. Surprisingly, MDSC generated from Camkk2-/- bone marrow cells also showed a higher ability to terminally differentiate toward more immunogenic cell types (e.g inflammatory macrophages and dendritic cells) compared to wild type (WT). Higher intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in Camkk2-/- MDSC, increasing their susceptibility to apoptosis and promoting their terminal differentiation toward more mature myeloid cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a known CaMKK2 proximal target controlling the oxidative stress response, fine-tunes ROS accumulation in MDSC. Accordingly, failure to activate the CaMKK2-AMPK axis can account for the elevated ROS levels in Camkk2-/- MDSC. These results highlight CaMKK2 as an important regulator of the MDSC lifecycle, identifying this kinase as a new druggable target to restrain MDSC expansion and enhance the efficacy of anti-tumor immunotherapy

Hutan Untuk Kesejahteraan : Cerita Dari Lapangan

Kumpulan tulisan dari cerita-cerita implementasi Forest Governance Program II (FGP II) yang telah berlangsung sejak tahun 2011-2015. Sebagai upaya untuk mengikat ilmu dan membuat keabadian dari perjalanan program, tulisan ini mencoba memotret apa yang telah dilakukan komunitas dan mitra dalam mengiplementasikan kegiatan program yang di dukung oleh Kedutaan Norwegi

Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: international matched, prospective, cohort study

Despite current guidelines, intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery remains widespread. Drains were not associated with earlier detection of intraperitoneal collections, but were associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased risk of surgical-site infections.Background Many surgeons routinely place intraperitoneal drains after elective colorectal surgery. However, enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines recommend against their routine use owing to a lack of clear clinical benefit. This study aimed to describe international variation in intraperitoneal drain placement and the safety of this practice. Methods COMPASS (COMPlicAted intra-abdominal collectionS after colorectal Surgery) was a prospective, international, cohort study which enrolled consecutive adults undergoing elective colorectal surgery (February to March 2020). The primary outcome was the rate of intraperitoneal drain placement. Secondary outcomes included: rate and time to diagnosis of postoperative intraperitoneal collections; rate of surgical site infections (SSIs); time to discharge; and 30-day major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade at least III). After propensity score matching, multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate the independent association of the secondary outcomes with drain placement. Results Overall, 1805 patients from 22 countries were included (798 women, 44.2 per cent; median age 67.0 years). The drain insertion rate was 51.9 per cent (937 patients). After matching, drains were not associated with reduced rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95 per cent c.i. 0.79 to 2.23; P = 0.287) or earlier detection (hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 0.33 to 2.31; P = 0.780) of collections. Although not associated with worse major postoperative complications (OR 1.09, 0.68 to 1.75; P = 0.709), drains were associated with delayed hospital discharge (HR 0.58, 0.52 to 0.66; P < 0.001) and an increased risk of SSIs (OR 2.47, 1.50 to 4.05; P < 0.001). Conclusion Intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery is not associated with earlier detection of postoperative collections, but prolongs hospital stay and increases SSI risk

Wound Ballistics: Study of the Rupture of Human Skin Membrane under the Impact of a Projectile

The paper attempts to theorize the rupture of human skin membrane under the impact of a projectile. An expression for the threshold velocity for penetration has been derived which is found to give results in fair agreement with experimental values reported in literature

Adaptation of Wayame Village Agriculture in Climate Change Through Innovative CSR Programs with the SDGs Approach

Climate change is a phenomenon of erratic weather changes caused by conditions of temperature and rainfall. Based on this phenomenon, agriculture is the sector that has the most impact on climate change due to decreased productivity of food crops. This can be seen from the increasing number of pests and plant diseases being planted. If this problem continues, the economic income of the farmers will decline and tend to experience a food crisis. Therefore, Pertamina MOR VIII entered the community by overcoming problems that occurred through the CSR program. The CSR program carried out by the Kranjang Hamlet farmer group is based on climate change conditions and the SDGs concept. In the agricultural sector, there are several SDGs indicators that intersect, such as freedom from hunger, a healthy and prosperous life, the need for clean water, and the handling of climate change. Kranjang Hamlet, which is located in Wayame Village, is a hamlet located in the Ambon Islands District which is vulnerable to climate change. Because of this vulnerability, Adaptation is carried out to answer problems that occur in the village. By looking at some of these problems, the purpose of this study is to determine (1) community behavior in facing climate change, (2) CSR programs regarding climate change adaptation, and (3) Application of community CSR programs based on SDGs. The results of the research found were (1) The community's knowledge regarding climate change was relatively low, (2) The realization of the achievement of SDGs 1 in responding to community needs, especially for farmer groups (3) To achieve SDGs 2, the Company has provided training to improve community adaptation to climate change such as goat livestock as a substitute for non-organic fertilizers, training in composting from livestock manure, and training in the prevention of agricultural diseases or pests organized by the company. (4) In achieving SDGs 3 and SDGs 6, it is done by making hydram pumps to irrigate agriculture and the community's need for clean water. The conclusion of this study is that the company has provided a CSR program to the people of Wayame Village to meet the needs of the Village farmer groups. So that the community has the capacity to see and understand the climate change adaptation process in the agricultural sector in Wayame Village