Sedentary behavior and dietary intake in children, adolescents and adults: A systematic review

Context: Sedentary behavior is implicated in youth and adult overweight and obesity. However, the relationship between sedentary behavior and weight status is often small or inconsistent, with few studies controlling for confounding factors such as diet and physical activity. Diet has been hypothesized to covary with some sedentary behaviors. It is opportune, therefore, to review whether dietary intake is associated with sedentary behavior in young people and adults. This may allow for better interpretation of the diversity of findings concerning sedentary behavior and weight status. Evidence acquisition: Published English-language studies were located from computerized and manual searches in early 2010. Included studies were observational studies assessing an association between at least one sedentary behavior and at least one aspect of dietary intake in children (aged <11 years), adolescents (aged 1218 years), or adults (aged >18 years). Evidence synthesis: Fifty-three studies, totaling 111 independent samples, were eligible for this review. Sedentary behavior in children (n=19, independent samples=24), adolescents (n=26, independent samples=72), and adults (n=11, independent samples=14) appears to be clearly associated with elements of a less healthy diet including lower fruit and vegetable consumption; higher consumption of energy-dense snacks, drinks, and fast foods; and higher total energy intake. Strengths of association were mainly in the small-to-moderate range. Conclusions: The association drawn mainly from cross-sectional studies is that sedentary behavior, usually assessed as screen time and predominantly TV viewing, is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviors in children, adolescents, and adults. Interventions need to be developed that target reductions in sedentary time to test whether diet also changes. © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Estimating overdiagnosis in giant cell arteritis diagnostic pathways using genetic data: genetic association study

Objectives GCA can be confirmed by temporal artery biopsy (TAB) but false negatives can occur. GCA may be overdiagnosed in TAB-negative cases, or if neither TAB nor imaging is done. We used HLA genetic association of TAB-positive GCA as an ‘unbiased umpire’ test to estimate historic overdiagnosis of GCA. Methods Patients diagnosed with GCA between 1990 and 2014 were genotyped. During this era, vascular imaging alone was rarely used to diagnose GCA. HLA region variants were jointly imputed from genome-wide genotypic data of cases and controls. Per-allele frequencies across all HLA variants with P < 1.0 × 10−5 were compared with population control data to estimate overdiagnosis rates in cases without a positive TAB. Results Genetic data from 663 GCA patients were compared with data from 2619 population controls. TAB-negative GCA (n = 147) and GCA without TAB result (n = 160) had variant frequencies intermediate between TAB-positive GCA (n = 356) and population controls. For example, the allele frequency of HLA-DRB1*04 was 32% for TAB-positive GCA, 29% for GCA without TAB result, 27% for TAB-negative GCA and 20% in population controls. Making several strong assumptions, we estimated that around two-thirds of TAB-negative cases and one-third of cases without TAB result may have been overdiagnosed. From these data, TAB sensitivity is estimated as 88%. Conclusions Conservatively assuming 95% specificity, TAB has a negative likelihood ratio of around 0.12. Our method for utilizing standard genotyping data as an ‘unbiased umpire’ might be used as a way of comparing the accuracy of different diagnostic pathways

Pacific Northwest Laboratory quarterly report to Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems, Space and Special Purposes Division

Progress during the fourth quarter of FY-1975 in research on the utilization of nuclear by-products is reported. Preliminary conceptual and engineering analysis studies were made of a proposed U.S. Air Force 2kW(e) power system employing Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility (WESF) $sup 90$SrF$sub 2$ capsules as a source of heat. The results showed the feasibility of such a system, but indicated that the SrF$sub 2$ capsule materials might have to be changed to satisfy operating life requirements. Dose rates from a WESF $sup 90$SrF$sub 2$ capsule were measured. Dose rates and radiation efficiences for WESF $sup 137$CsCl capsules of varying geometries were calculated. A forecast of the potential supply of a number of beneficial reactor by-products was assembled. A start was made on the definitions of a flow sheet for an integrated reactor by- product recovery plant. Preliminary work was done on the methodology for forecasting long-term demand for reactor by-products. (auth

Commercial LFCM vitrification technology. Quarterly progress report, October-December 1984

This report is the first in a series of quarterly reports compiled by the Nuclear Waste Treatment Program Office at Pacific Northwest Laboratory to document progress on commercial liquid-fed ceramic melter (LFCM) vitrification technology. Progress in the following technical subject areas during the first quarter of FY 1985 is discussed: pretreatment systems, melting process chemistry, glass development and characterization, feed preparation and transfer systems, melter systems, canister filling and handling systems, off-gas systems, process/product modeling and control, and supporting studies. 33 figs., 12 tabs

LFCM vitrification technology. Quarterly progress report, October-December 1985

This report is compiled by the Nuclear Waste Treatment Program and the Hanford Waste Vitrification Program at Pacific Northwest Laboratory to document progress on liquid-fed ceramic melter (LFCM) vitrification technology. Progress in the following technical subject areas during the first quarter of FY 1986 is discussed: melting process chemistry and glass development, feed preparation and transfer systems, melter systems, canister filling and handling systems, off-gas systems, process/product modeling and control, and supporting studies