Corpus juris. : Ett förslag till straffrättsliga och straffprocessrättsliga bestämmelser till skydd för Europeiska unionens finansiella intressen

Corpus juris is the outcome of a European Community project, organized by Franceso de Angelis, Director of General Directorate XX (Financial Control). The text, which comprises 35 articles on criminal law and criminal procedure concerning protection of the financial interests of the European Union, was in the final version drafted by Professor Mireille Delmas-Marty (Paris). The most striking feature of the proposal is the establishment of a European Public Prosecutor for crimes of the kind indicated. The article contains a translation of the 35 articles into Swedish and a brief introduction explaining the background, underlining the fact that the proposal is a hurried piece of work

Determining the primary energy demand and greenhouse gas emission of carrots

This study assessed the environmental performance of organic and conventional carrots produced and supplied in Sweden, as well as mapping out and describing the local carrot production and supply in Sweden to lay the roundwork for a decision support, primarily aimed at Swedish farmers and consumers. A life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology with the system boundary from carrot cultivation to consumer gate and a functional unit (FU) of 1 kg of carrots at the farm was applied, using the LCA software SimaPro 8.5.2. The information necessary for the life cycle inventory (LCI) was partially obtained from a literature review and partially from two questionnaires that were devised. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis focusing on the assumptions pertaining to the transportation has been made. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) focused on two impact categories: cumulative energy demand (CED) and global warming potential (GWP). The LCIA results indicated that, in the organic case, CED and GWP values were 4.45 MJ and 0.193 kg CO2 eq per FU respectively. The obtained values for CED and GWP for the conventional carrot case were 4.82 MJ and 0.216 kg CO2 eq per FU respectively. This means that the organic carrot case had less impact (about 92% in terms of CED and 89% in terms of GWP), compared to the conventional carrot case. The transportation accounted for the largest impact, especially in terms of GWP, followed by the post-harvest processes and agricultural production for the organic carrot case. For the conventional case however, the agricultural production had a larger impact than the post-harvest processes. The largest contributing factors to the impact of the agricultural production of organic carrots were identified as the plastic used for mulching and the diesel use, while the largest contributing factors for the agricultural production of conventional carrots were identified as the plastic used to package pesticides and fertilizer, the fertilizer itself, electricity use and diesel use. The largest contributing factor to the CED of the post-harvest processes was identified as the electricity use, whilst the plastic packaging had the highest impact in terms of GWP. Finally, the single largest contributing factor was identified as the transportation from retailer to household, accounting for about 84% of the GWP and 88% of the CED from the transportation stage. This is equivalent to the transportation between retailer and household amounting to about 67% of GWP and 47% of CED for the organic carrot life cycle, as well as about 60% of GWP and 43% of CED for the conventional carrot life cycle

Harmonisering, samordning och ömsesidig förtroende inom europeiska unionen : utvecklingen inom familjerätt

Aineisto on Opiskelijakirjaston digitoimaa ja Opiskelijakirjasto vastaa aineiston käyttöluvist

CGAS: comparative genomic analysis server

Summary: Comparative approach is one of the most essential methods for extracting functional and evolutionary information from genomic sequences. So far, a number of sequence comparison tools have been developed, and most are either for on-site use, requiring program installation but providing a wide variety of analyses, or for the online search of user's sequences against given databases on a server. We newly devised an Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax)-based system for comparative genomic analyses, CGAS, with highly interactive interface within a browser, requiring no software installation. The current version, CGAS version 1, provides functionality for viewing similarity relationships between user's sequences, including a multiple dot plot between sequences with their annotation information. The scrollbar-less ‘draggable’ interface of CGAS is implemented with Google Maps API version 2. The annotation information associated with the genomic sequences compared is synchronously displayed with the comparison view. The multiple-comparison viewer is one of the unique functionalities of this system to allow the users to compare the differences between different pairs of sequences. In this viewer, the system tells orthologous correspondences between the sequences compared interactively. This web-based tool is platform-independent and will provide biologists having no computational skills with opportunities to analyze their own data without software installation and customization of the computer system

Identification of conserved regulatory elements by comparative genome analysis

BACKGROUND: For genes that have been successfully delineated within the human genome sequence, most regulatory sequences remain to be elucidated. The annotation and interpretation process requires additional data resources and significant improvements in computational methods for the detection of regulatory regions. One approach of growing popularity is based on the preferential conservation of functional sequences over the course of evolution by selective pressure, termed 'phylogenetic footprinting'. Mutations are more likely to be disruptive if they appear in functional sites, resulting in a measurable difference in evolution rates between functional and non-functional genomic segments. RESULTS: We have devised a flexible suite of methods for the identification and visualization of conserved transcription-factor-binding sites. The system reports those putative transcription-factor-binding sites that are both situated in conserved regions and located as pairs of sites in equivalent positions in alignments between two orthologous sequences. An underlying collection of metazoan transcription-factor-binding profiles was assembled to facilitate the study. This approach results in a significant improvement in the detection of transcription-factor-binding sites because of an increased signal-to-noise ratio, as demonstrated with two sets of promoter sequences. The method is implemented as a graphical web application, ConSite, which is at the disposal of the scientific community at . CONCLUSIONS: Phylogenetic footprinting dramatically improves the predictive selectivity of bioinformatic approaches to the analysis of promoter sequences. ConSite delivers unparalleled performance using a novel database of high-quality binding models for metazoan transcription factors. With a dynamic interface, this bioinformatics tool provides broad access to promoter analysis with phylogenetic footprinting

Requirements analysis document

This document details the purpose, features, and expected interfaces for the complete EXCELERATE WP9 (Use Case D: ELIXIR framework for secure archiving, dissemination and analysis of human access-controlled data). It outlines the tasks the system will perform, the constraints under which it operates, and how it reacts in certain circumstances. This document is intended for stakeholders, designers and developers as well as users of the system, and derives from a joint analysis carried out with these groups

Boganmeldelser

Intet resum

CGAT: a comparative genome analysis tool for visualizing alignments in the analysis of complex evolutionary changes between closely related genomes

BACKGROUND: The recent accumulation of closely related genomic sequences provides a valuable resource for the elucidation of the evolutionary histories of various organisms. However, although numerous alignment calculation and visualization tools have been developed to date, the analysis of complex genomic changes, such as large insertions, deletions, inversions, translocations and duplications, still presents certain difficulties. RESULTS: We have developed a comparative genome analysis tool, named CGAT, which allows detailed comparisons of closely related bacteria-sized genomes mainly through visualizing middle-to-large-scale changes to infer underlying mechanisms. CGAT displays precomputed pairwise genome alignments on both dotplot and alignment viewers with scrolling and zooming functions, and allows users to move along the pre-identified orthologous alignments. Users can place several types of information on this alignment, such as the presence of tandem repeats or interspersed repetitive sequences and changes in G+C contents or codon usage bias, thereby facilitating the interpretation of the observed genomic changes. In addition to displaying precomputed alignments, the viewer can dynamically calculate the alignments between specified regions; this feature is especially useful for examining the alignment boundaries, as these boundaries are often obscure and can vary between programs. Besides the alignment browser functionalities, CGAT also contains an alignment data construction module, which contains various procedures that are commonly used for pre- and post-processing for large-scale alignment calculation, such as the split-and-merge protocol for calculating long alignments, chaining adjacent alignments, and ortholog identification. Indeed, CGAT provides a general framework for the calculation of genome-scale alignments using various existing programs as alignment engines, which allows users to compare the outputs of different alignment programs. Earlier versions of this program have been used successfully in our research to infer the evolutionary history of apparently complex genome changes between closely related eubacteria and archaea. CONCLUSION: CGAT is a practical tool for analyzing complex genomic changes between closely related genomes using existing alignment programs and other sequence analysis tools combined with extensive manual inspection