Trap-tubs as a means of vole-damage reduction in afforestations

Krüger, F., Jarchow, D

Submillimetric spectroscopic observations of volatiles in comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)

We aim to determine the production rates of several parent and product volatiles and the 12C/13C isotopic carbon ratio in the long-period comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz), which is likely to originate from the Oort Cloud. The line emission from several molecules in the coma was measured with high signal-to-noise ratio in January 2005 at heliocentric distance of 1.2 AU by means of high-resolution spectroscopic observations using the Submillimeter Telescope (SMT). We have obtained production rates of several volatiles (CH3OH, HCN, H13CN, HNC, H2CO, CO and CS) by comparing the observed and simulated line-integrated intensities. Furthermore, multiline observations of the CH3OH (7-6) series allow us to estimate the rotational temperature using the rotation diagram technique. We find that the CH3OH population distribution of the levels sampled by these lines can be described by a rotational temperature of 40 \pm 3 K. Derived mixing ratios relative to hydrogen cyanide are CO/CH3OH/H2CO/CS/HNC/H13CN/HCN = 30.9/24.6/4.8/0.57/0.031/0.013/1 assuming a pointing offset of 8" due to the uncertain ephemeris at the time of the observations and the telescope pointing error. The measured relative molecular abundances in C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) are between low- to typical values of those obtained in Oort Cloud comets, suggesting that it has visited the inner solar system previously and undergone thermal processing. The HNC/HCN abundance ratio of ~3.1% is comparable to that found in other comets, accounting for the dependence on the heliocentric distance, and could possibly be explained by ion-molecule chemical processes in the low-temperature atmosphere. From a tentative H13CN detection, the measured value of 97 \pm 30 for the H12CN/H13CN isotopologue pair is consistent with a telluric value.Comment: 14 pages with 11 figures, abridged abstrac

A survey of volatile species in Oort cloud comets C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) and C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) at millimeter wavelengths

The line emission in the coma was measured in the comets C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) and C/2002 T7 (LINEAR), that were observed on five consecutive nights, 7-11 May 2004, at heliocentric distances of 1.0 and 0.7 AU, respectively, by means of high-resolution spectroscopy using the 10-m Submillimeter Telescope (SMT). We present a search for six parent- and product-volatile species (HCN, H2CO, CO, CS, CH3OH, and HNC) in both comets. Multiline observations of the CH3OH J = 5-4 series allow us to estimate the rotational temperature using the rotation diagram technique. We derive rotational temperatures of 54(9) K for C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) and 119(34) K for C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) that are roughly consistent with observations of other comets at similar distances from the Sun. The gas production rates of material are computed using a spherically symmetric molecular excitation code that includes collisions between neutrals and electrons. We find an HCN production rate of 2.96(5)e26 molec.s-1 for comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT), corresponding to a mixing ratio with respect to H2O of 1.12(2)e-3. The mean HCN production rate during the observing period is 4.54(10)e26 molec.s-1 for comet C/2002 T7 (LINEAR), which gives a Q_HCN/Q_H2O mixing ratio of 1.51(3)e-3. With systematically lower mixing ratios in comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT), production rate ratios of the observed species with respect to H2O lie within the typical ranges of dynamically new comets in both objects. We find a relative low abundance of CO in C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) compared to the observed range in other comets based on millimeter/submillimeter observations, and a significant upper limit on the CO production in C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) is derived. Depletion of CO suggests partial evaporation from the surface layers during previous visits to the outer Solar System and agrees with previous measurements of dynamically new comets.Comment: 20 pages, 18 figures. Minor changes to match the published versio

Changing incidence and characteristics of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in Scotland and comparison with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex incidence (2011 to 2019)

BACKGROUND: An increase in infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been noted globally, and their incidence has overtaken that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBc) in many countries. Using data from a national reference laboratory, we aimed to determine if this trend could be observed in Scotland. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of all NTM isolates received by the Scottish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory (SMRL) over 9 years from 2011 to 2019 inclusive. Clinical episodes were defined as per 2017 British Thoracic Society and 2020 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America NTM guidelines. These rates were compared with Scottish tuberculosis rates over the same period. RESULTS: Of 8552 NTM isolates from 4586 patients in 2011 to 2019, 7739 (90.5%) were considered clinically relevant. These represented 2409 episodes of NTM infection, with M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. abscessus complex being most common. A total of 1953 (81.1%) were pulmonary NTM infection episodes from 1470 patients and 456 extrapulmonary episodes from 370 patients. We estimated a rise in incidence from 3.4 to 6.5 per 100 000 person-years (2011–2019 inclusive), with an increase in NTM incidence over MTBc incidence in Scotland by 2017. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NTM infection in Scotland has overtaken MTBc incidence. NTM infection leads to a costly health care burden, possibly as much as UK£1.47 million (US$ and €1.73 million) annually. We recommend standardization of isolate referral with clinical surveillance and implementation of agreed standards of care delivered through multidisciplinary teams. This would improve diagnosis and patient management as well as assessment of diagnostics and novel treatments through clinical trials

Searches for HCl and HF in comets 103P/Hartley 2 and C/2009 P1 (Garradd) with the Herschel space observatory

HCl and HF are expected to be the main reservoirs of fluorine and chlorine wherever hydrogen is predominantly molecular. They are found to be strongly depleted in dense molecular clouds, suggesting freeze-out onto grains in such cold environments. We can then expect that HCl and HF were also the major carriers of Cl and F in the gas and icy phases of the outer solar nebula, and were incorporated into comets. We aimed to measure the HCl and HF abundances in cometary ices as they can provide insights on the halogen chemistry in the early solar nebula. We searched for the J(1-0) lines of HCl and HF at 626 and 1232 GHz, respectively, using the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. HCl was searched for in comets 103P/Hartley 2 and C/2009 P1 (Garradd), whereas observations of HF were conducted in comet C/2009 P1. In addition, observations of H$_2$O and H$_2^{18}$O lines were performed in C/2009 P1 to measure the H$_2$O production rate. Three lines of CH$_3$OH were serendipitously observed in the HCl receiver setting. HCl is not detected, whereas a marginal (3.6-$\sigma$) detection of HF is obtained. The upper limits for the HCl abundance relative to water are 0.011% and 0.022%, for 103P and C/2009 P1, respectively, showing that HCl is depleted with respect to the solar Cl/O abundance by a factor more than 6$^{+6}_{-3}$ in 103P, where the error is related to the uncertainty in the chlorine solar abundance. The marginal HF detection obtained in C/2009 P1 corresponds to an HF abundance relative to water of (1.8$\pm$0.5) $\times$ 10$^{-4}$, which is approximately consistent with a solar photospheric F/O abundance. The observed depletion of HCl suggests that HCl was not the main reservoir of chlorine in the regions of the solar nebula where these comets formed. HF was possibly the main fluorine compound in the gas phase of the outer solar nebula.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

HIFI observations of warm gas in DR21: Shock versus radiative heating

The molecular gas in the DR21 massive star formation region is known to be affected by the strong UV field from the central star cluster and by a fast outflow creating a bright shock. The relative contribution of both heating mechanisms is the matter of a long debate. By better sampling the excitation ladder of various tracers we provide a quantitative distinction between the different heating mechanisms. HIFI observations of mid-J transitions of CO and HCO+ isotopes allow us to bridge the gap in excitation energies between observations from the ground, characterizing the cooler gas, and existing ISO LWS spectra, constraining the properties of the hot gas. Comparing the detailed line profiles allows to identify the physical structure of the different components. In spite of the known shock-excitation of H2 and the clearly visible strong outflow, we find that the emission of all lines up to > 2 THz can be explained by purely radiative heating of the material. However, the new Herschel/HIFI observations reveal two types of excitation conditions. We find hot and dense clumps close to the central cluster, probably dynamically affected by the outflow, and a more widespread distribution of cooler, but nevertheless dense, molecular clumps.Comment: Accepted for publication by A&

Improving integrability via absolute summability: a general version of Diestel s Theorem

[EN] A classical result by J. Diestel establishes that the composition of a summing operator with a (strongly measurable) Pettis integrable function gives a Bochner integrable function. In this paper we show that a much more general result is possible regarding the improvement of the integrability of vector valued functions by the summability of the operator. After proving a general result, we center our attention in the particular case given by the -absolutely continuous operators, that allows to prove a lot of special results on integration improvement for selected cases of classical Banach spaces-including C(K), and Hilbert spaces-and operators-p-summing, (q, p)-summing and p-approximable operators.D. Pellegrino acknowledges with thanks the support of CNPq Grant 401735/2013-3 (Brazil). P. Rueda acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) MTM2011-22417. E.A. Sanchez Perez acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) MTM2012-36740-C02-02.Pellegrino, D.; Rueda, P.; Sánchez Pérez, EA. (2016). Improving integrability via absolute summability: a general version of Diestel s Theorem. Positivity. 20(2):369-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11117-015-0361-5S369383202Botelho, G., Pellegrino, D., Rueda, P.: A unified Pietsch domination theorem. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 365(1), 269–276 (2010)Defant, A., Floret, K.: Tensor norms and operator ideals. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1992)Diestel, J.: An elementary characterization of absolutely summing operators. Math. Ann. 196, 101–105 (1972)Diestel, J., Jarchow, H., Tonge, A.: Absolutely summing operators. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995)Farmer, J., Johnson, W.B.: Lipschitz p-summing operators. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 137, 2989–2995 (2009)Jarchow, H.: Localy convex, spaces. Teubner, Stuttgart (1981)López Molina, J.A., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: Ideales de operadores absolutamente continuos, Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Madrid. Rev. Real Acad. 87, 349–378 (1993)López Molina, J.A., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: The associated tensor norm to $$(q, p)$$ ( q , p ) -absolutely summing operators on $$C(K)$$ C ( K ) -spaces. Czec. Math. J. 47(4), 627–631 (1997)López, J.A., Molina, Sánchez-Pérez, E.A.: On operator ideals related to $$(p,\sigma )$$ ( p , σ ) -absolutely continuous operator. Studia Math. 131(8), 25–40 (2000)Matter, U.: Absolute continuous operators and super-reflexivity. Math. Nachr. 130, 193–216 (1987)Pellegrino, D., Santos, J.: A general Pietsch domination theorem. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 375(1), 371–374 (2011)Pellegrino, D., Santos, J., Seoane-Sepúlveda, J.B.: Some techniques on nonlinear analysis and applications. Adv. Math. 229, 1235–1265 (2012)Pietsch, A.: Operator Ideals. Deutsch. Verlag Wiss., Berlin, 1978; North-Holland, Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo (1980)Pisier, G.: Factorization of operators through $$L_{p\infty }$$ L p ∞ or $$L_{p1}$$ L p 1 and noncommutative generalizations. Math. Ann. 276(1), 105–136 (1986)Rodríguez, J.: Absolutely summing operators and integration of vector-valued functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 316(2), 579–600 (2006

An upper limit for the water outgassing rate of the main-belt comet 176P/LINEAR observed with Herschel/HIFI

176P/LINEAR is a member of the new cometary class known as main-belt comets (MBCs). It displayed cometary activity shortly during its 2005 perihelion passage that may be driven by the sublimation of sub-surface ices. We have therefore searched for emission of the H2O 110-101 ground state rotational line at 557 GHz toward 176P/LINEAR with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) on board the Herschel Space Observatory on UT 8.78 August 2011, about 40 days after its most recent perihelion passage, when the object was at a heliocentric distance of 2.58 AU. No H2O line emission was detected in our observations, from which we derive sensitive 3-sigma upper limits for the water production rate and column density of < 4e25 molec/s and of < 3e10 cm^{-2}, respectively. From the peak brightness measured during the object's active period in 2005, this upper limit is lower than predicted by the relation between production rates and visual magnitudes observed for a sample of comets by Jorda et al. (2008) at this heliocentric distance. Thus, 176P/LINEAR was likely less active at the time of our observation than during its previous perihelion passage. The retrieved upper limit is lower than most values derived for the H2O production rate from the spectroscopic search for CN emission in MBCs.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Minor changes to match published versio

Unbounded violation of tripartite Bell inequalities

We prove that there are tripartite quantum states (constructed from random unitaries) that can lead to arbitrarily large violations of Bell inequalities for dichotomic observables. As a consequence these states can withstand an arbitrary amount of white noise before they admit a description within a local hidden variable model. This is in sharp contrast with the bipartite case, where all violations are bounded by Grothendieck's constant. We will discuss the possibility of determining the Hilbert space dimension from the obtained violation and comment on implications for communication complexity theory. Moreover, we show that the violation obtained from generalized GHZ states is always bounded so that, in contrast to many other contexts, GHZ states do in this case not lead to extremal quantum correlations. The results are based on tools from the theories of operator spaces and tensor norms which we exploit to prove the existence of bounded but not completely bounded trilinear forms from commutative C*-algebras.Comment: Substantial changes in the presentation to make the paper more accessible for a non-specialized reade

Factorization of strongly (p,sigma)-continuous multilinear operators

We introduce the new ideal of strongly-continuous linear operators in order to study the adjoints of the -absolutely continuous linear operators. Starting from this ideal we build a new multi-ideal by using the composition method. We prove the corresponding Pietsch domination theorem and we present a representation of this multi-ideal by a tensor norm. A factorization theorem characterizing the corresponding multi-ideal - which is also new for the linear case - is given. When applied to the case of the Cohen strongly -summing operators, this result gives also a new factorization theorem.D. Achour acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministere de l'Enseignament Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (Algeria) under project PNR 8-U28-181. E. Dahia acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministere de l'Enseignament Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (Algeria) [grant number 10/PG-FMI/2013] and the Universite de M'Sila (2013) for short term stage. P. Rueda acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) MTM2011-22417. E. A. Sanchez Perez acknowledges with thanks the support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) under project MTM2012-36740-C02-02.Achour, D.; Dahia, E.; Rueda, P.; Sánchez Pérez, EA. (2014). Factorization of strongly (p,sigma)-continuous multilinear operators. Linear and Multilinear Algebra. 62(12):1649-1670. doi:10.1080/03081087.2013.839677S164916706212Matter, U. (1987). Absolutely Continuous Operators and Super-Reflexivity. Mathematische Nachrichten, 130(1), 193-216. doi:10.1002/mana.19871300118Diestel, J., Jarchow, H., & Tonge, A. (1995). Absolutely Summing Operators. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526138Pietsch, A. (1967). Absolut p-summierende Abbildungen in normierten Räumen. Studia Mathematica, 28(3), 333-353. doi:10.4064/sm-28-3-333-353Achour, D., & Mezrag, L. (2007). On the Cohen strongly p-summing multilinear operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 327(1), 550-563. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.04.065Apiola, H. (1976). Duality between spaces ofp-summable sequences, (p, q)-summing operators and characterizations of nuclearity. Mathematische Annalen, 219(1), 53-64. doi:10.1007/bf01360858Sánchez PérezEA. Ideales de operadores absolutamente continuos y normas tensoriales asociadas [PhD Thesis]. Spain: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; 1997.López Molina, J. A., & Sánchez Pérez, E. A. (2000). On operator ideals related to (p,σ)-absolutely continuous operators. Studia Mathematica, 138(1), 25-40. doi:10.4064/sm-138-1-25-40Cohen, J. S. (1973). Absolutelyp-summing,p-nuclear operators and their conjugates. Mathematische Annalen, 201(3), 177-200. doi:10.1007/bf01427941Mezrag, L., & Saadi, K. (2012). Inclusion and coincidence properties for Cohen strongly summing multilinear operators. Collectanea Mathematica, 64(3), 395-408. doi:10.1007/s13348-012-0071-2Achour, D., & Alouani, A. (2010). On multilinear generalizations of the concept of nuclear operators. Colloquium Mathematicum, 120(1), 85-102. doi:10.4064/cm120-1-7Mujica, X. (2008). τ(p;q)-summing mappings and the domination theorem. Portugaliae Mathematica, 211-226. doi:10.4171/pm/1806Campos, J. R. (2013). Cohen and multiple Cohen strongly summing multilinear operators. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 62(3), 322-346. doi:10.1080/03081087.2013.779270Bu, Q., & Shi, Z. (2013). On Cohen almost summing multilinear operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 401(1), 174-181. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.12.005Ryan, R. A. (2002). Introduction to Tensor Products of Banach Spaces. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3903-4Achour, D., & Belaib, M. T. (2011). Tensor norms related to the space of Cohen $p$-nuclear‎ ‎multilinear mappings. Annals of Functional Analysis, 2(1), 128-138. doi:10.15352/afa/1399900268Achour, D. (2011). Multilinear extensions of absolutely (p;q;r)-summing operators. Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo, 60(3), 337-350. doi:10.1007/s12215-011-0054-2Dahia, E., Achour, D., & Sánchez Pérez, E. A. (2013). Absolutely continuous multilinear operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 397(1), 205-224. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.07.034Botelho, G., Pellegrino, D., & Rueda, P. (2007). On Composition Ideals of Multilinear Mappings and Homogeneous Polynomials. Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 43(4), 1139-1155. doi:10.2977/prims/1201012383Pellegrino, D., Santos, J., & Seoane-Sepúlveda, J. B. (2012). Some techniques on nonlinear analysis and applications. Advances in Mathematics, 229(2), 1235-1265. doi:10.1016/j.aim.2011.09.014Ramanujan, M. S., & Schock, E. (1985). Operator ideals and spaces of bilinear operators. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 18(4), 307-318. doi:10.1080/03081088508817695Floret, K., & Hunfeld, S. (2002). Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 130(05), 1425-1436. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-01-06228-