Integrative biomechanics for tree ecology: beyond wood density and strength

International audienceFunctional ecology has long considered the support function as important, but its biomechanical complexity is only just being elucidated. We show here that it can be described on the basis of four biomechanical traits, two safety traits against winds (SW) and self-buckling (SB), and two motricity traits involved in sustaining an upright position, tropic motion velocity (MV) and posture control (PC). All these traits are integrated at the tree scale, combining tree size and shape together with wood properties. The assumption of trait constancy has been used to derive allometric scaling laws, but it was more recently found that observing their variations among environments and functional groups, or during ontogeny, provides more insights into adaptive syndromes of tree shape and wood properties. However, over-simplified expressions have often been used, possibly concealing key adaptive drivers. An extreme case of over-simplification is the use of wood basic density as a proxy for safety. Actually, since wood density is involved in stiffness, loads and construction costs, the impact of its variations on safety is non-trivial. Moreover, other wood features, especially the microfibril angle (MFA), are also involved. Furthermore, wood is not only stiff and strong, but it also acts as a motor for MV and PC. The relevant wood trait for that is maturation strain asymmetry. Maturation strains vary with cell wall characteristics such as MFA, rather than with wood density. Finally, the need for further studies about the ecological relevance of branching patterns, motricity traits and growth responses to mechanical loads is discussed

Functional diversity in gravitropic reaction among tropical seedlings in relation to ecological and developmental traits

International audienceGravitropism is necessary for plants to control the orientation of their axes while they grow in height. In woody plants, stem re-orientations are costly because they are achieved through diameter growth. The functional diversity of gravitropism was studied to check if the mechanisms involved and their efficiency may contribute to the differentiation of height growth strategies between forest tree species at the seedling stage. Seedlings of eight tropical species were grown tilted in a greenhouse, and their up-righting movement and diameter growth were measured during three months. Morphological, anatomical and biomechanical traits were measured at the end of the survey. Curvature analysis was used to analyse the up-righting response along the stems. Variations in stem curvature depend on diameter growth, size effects, the increase in self-weight, and the efficiency of the gravitropic reaction. A biomechanical model was used to separate these contributions. Results showed that (1) gravitropic movements were based on a common mechanism associated to similar dynamic patterns, (2) clear differences in efficiency (defined as the change in curvature achieved during an elementary diameter increment for a given stem diameter) existed between species, (3) the equilibrium angle of the stem and the anatomical characters associated to the efficiency of the reaction also differed between species, (4) the differences in gravitropic reaction were related to the light requirements: heliophilic species, compared to more shade-tolerant species, had a larger efficiency and an equilibrium angle closer to vertical. This suggests that traits determining the gravitropic reaction are related to the strategy of light interception and may contribute to the differentiation of ecological strategies promoting the maintenance of biodiversity in tropical rain forests

Fungi of French Guiana gathered in a taxonomic, environmental and molecular dataset

International audienceIn Amazonia, the knowledge about Fungi remains patchy and biased towards accessible sites. This is particularly the case in French Guiana where the existing collections have been confined to few coastal localities. Here, we aimed at filling the gaps of knowledge in indersampled areas of this region, particularly focusing on the Basidiomycota. From 2011, we comprehensively collected fruiting-bodies with a stratified and reproducible sampling scheme in 126 plots. Sites of sampling reflected the main forest habitats of French Guiana in terms of soil fertility and topography. The dataset of 5219 specimens gathers 245 genera belonging to 75 families, 642 specimens are barcoded. The dataset is not a checklist as only 27% of the specimens are identified at the species level but 96% are identified at the genus level. We found an extraordinary diversity distributed across forest habitats. The dataset is an unprecedented and original collection of Basidiomycota for the region, making specimens available for taxonomists and ecologists. The database is publicly available in the GBIF repository (https://doi.org/10.15468/ymvlrp)

Coordinated community structure among trees, fungi and invertebrate groups in Amazonian rainforests

Little is known regarding how trophic interactions shape community assembly in tropical forests. Here we assess multi-taxonomic community assembly rules using a rare standardized coordinated inventory comprising exhaustive surveys of five highly-diverse taxonomic groups exerting key ecological functions: trees, fungi, earthworms, ants and spiders. We sampled 36 1.9-ha plots from four remote locations in French Guiana including precise soil measurements, and we tested whether species turnover was coordinated among groups across geographic and edaphic gradients. All species group pairs exhibited significant compositional associations that were independent from soil conditions. For some of the pairs, associations were also partly explained by soil properties, especially soil phosphorus availability. Our study provides evidence for coordinated turnover among taxonomic groups beyond simple relationships with environmental factors, thereby refining our understanding regarding the nature of interactions occurring among these ecologically important groups

Rapport d\u27analyse ­ Enquête : Les données de la recherche à l\u27université ParisSaclay, panorama et perspectives

Cette enquête, proposée par l’ensemble du réseau des bibliothèques et centres de documentation et le Comité de pilotage de la Science Ouverte de l’Université Paris-Saclay en 2021, s’inscrit dans un contexte dynamique de Science Ouverte prônant l’obligation de publication des données de la recherche selon les principes FAIR (Facilement trouvable, Accessible, Interopérable, Réutilisable)

Etude des stratégies biomécaniques de croissance des jeunes arbres en peuplement hétérogène tropical humide

The functioning of ecosystems is based on the functional diversity, which is the complementto the species diversity. In the tropical rain forest, the saplings grow in the dense and stratifiedunderstorey. This thesis deals with the diversity of realisation of the support function by thesaplings in this context. The hypotheses are that the race through higher and so brighter levelsconstrains the mechanical security of the saplings with necessary biomass saving and need ofreorientation (gravitropism) and acclimation (mecanoperception and response) processes andthat diversity is thus structured by the species light-demand and affinity for the risk. Using awide sample of 16 species, at the Paracou station, relevant functional traits - risk of not-selfsupportingand gravitropic performance - are defined through adapted modellings whichcombine trunk shape, biomass distribution and wood properties. The traits values varybetween species and also with ontogeny and saplings environment. These variations are dueto elementary traits (shape, biomass, wood) with strong geometrical effects. The less selfsupportingspecies (low mechanical security) have the highest gravitropic performances andare also the most light-demanders. A species, Tachigali melinonii, distinguishes itself bystrong slendernesses and a frequent not-self-supporting habit letting suppose a strongadaptability to its mechanical environment. An experiment (growth response to staking),however, did not provide the expected results whereas the species with lower risks, Dicoryniaguianensis, reacted more.Le fonctionnement des écosystèmes repose sur la diversité fonctionnelle, complément de ladiversité spécifique. En forêt tropicale humide, les jeunes arbres croissent en sous-bois denseet stratifié. Cette thèse porte sur la diversité de réalisation de la fonction biomécanique desoutien. Les hypothèses sont que la "course" vers les strates plus éclairées contraint lasécurité mécanique des jeunes arbres, avec de nécessaires économies de matière et recours àdes processus de réparation (gravitropisme) et d'acclimatation (mécanoperception et réponse),et que la diversité est donc structurée par le besoin en lumière et l'affinité pour le risque desespèces. Avec un échantillon de 16 espèces sur le dispositif de Paracou, des traits fonctionnelspertinents - risque de non-autoportance et performance gravitropique - sont définis au traversde modélisations adaptées qui combinent forme des troncs, répartition des masses etpropriétés du bois. Ces traits varient entre espèces mais aussi avec le développement etl'environnement des arbres. Ces variations sont dues aux variations des traits élémentaires(forme, masses, bois) avec de forts effets géométriques. Les espèces les moins autoportantes(faible sécurité) ont les plus fortes performances gravitropiques. Ce sont aussi les plusdemandeuses de lumière. Une espèce Tachigali melinonii se distingue par de fortsélancements et une fréquente non-autoportance laissant supposer une adaptabilité forte àl'environnement mécanique. Une expérimentation (réponse de croissance au tuteurage) n'acependant pas abouti aux résultats supposés puisque c'est au contraire l'espèce à faible risque,Dicorynia guianensis, qui s'est montrée plus réactive

Le géoportail du Labex CEBA

La gouvernance informationnelle de l'environnement en Guyane : état des lieux et perspectives de collaboration, Cayenne, 8-9 septembre 201

Study of the biomechanical strategies of saplings growth in a tropical rain forest

Le fonctionnement des écosystèmes repose sur la diversité fonctionnelle, complément de la diversité spécifique. En forêt tropicale humide, les jeunes arbres croissent en sous-bois dense et stratifié. Cette thèse porte sur la diversité de réalisation de la fonction biomécanique de soutien. Les hypothèses sont que la «course» vers les strates plus éclairées contraint la sécurité mécanique des jeunes arbres, avec de nécessaires économies de matière et recours à des processus de réparation (gravitropisme) et d’acclimatation (mécanoperception et réponse), et que la diversité est donc structurée par le besoin en lumière et l’affinité pour le risque des espèces. Avec un échantillon de 16 espèces sur le dispositif de Paracou, des traits fonctionnels pertinents – risque de non-autoportance et performance gravitropique - sont définis au travers de modélisations adaptées qui combinent forme des troncs, répartition des masses et propriétés du bois. Ces traits varient entre espèces mais aussi avec le développement et l’environnement des arbres. Ces variations sont dues aux variations des traits élémentaires (forme, masses, bois) avec de forts effets géométriques. Les espèces les moins autoportantes (faible sécurité) ont les plus fortes performances gravitropiques. Ce sont aussi les plus demandeuses de lumière. Une espèce Tachigali melinonii se distingue par de forts élancements et une fréquente non-autoportance laissant supposer une adaptabilité forte à l’environnement mécanique. Une expérimentation (réponse de croissance au tuteurage) n’a cependant pas abouti aux résultats supposés puisque c’est au contraire l’espèce à faible risque, Dicorynia guianensis, qui s’est montrée plus réactive.The functioning of ecosystems is based on the functional diversity, which is the complement to the species diversity. In the tropical rain forest, the saplings grow in the dense and stratified understorey. This thesis deals with the diversity of realisation of the support function by the saplings in this context. The hypotheses are that the race through higher and so brighter levels constrains the mechanical security of the saplings with necessary biomass saving and need of reorientation (gravitropism) and acclimation (mecanoperception and response) processes and that diversity is thus structured by the species light-demand and affinity for the risk. Using a wide sample of 16 species, at the Paracou station, relevant functional traits - risk of not-self-supporting and gravitropic performance - are defined through adapted modellings which combine trunk shape, biomass distribution and wood properties. The traits values vary between species and also with ontogeny and saplings environment. These variations are due to elementary traits (shape, biomass, wood) with strong geometrical effects. The less self-supporting species (low mechanical security) have the highest gravitropic performances and are also the most light-demanders. A species, Tachigali melinonii, distinguishes itself by strong slendernesses and a frequent not-self-supporting habit letting suppose a strong adaptability to its mechanical environment. An experiment (growth response to staking), however, did not provide the expected results whereas the species with lower risks, Dicorynia guianensis, reacted more

Le paradoxe de l'industrie agro-alimentaire

« ce n'est pas un besoin de nouveauté qui tourmente les esprits, c’est un besoin de vérité », HUGO, Odes, Préface de 1824. L'industrie alimentaire innove-t-elle ? Quelle est la perception de cette innovation par les consommateurs ? Fait-elle vendre ou fait-elle peur ? Quand fait-elle vendre ? Quand fait-elle peur ? Peut-on valoriser toutes les innovations ? Que valorisent les industriels auprès des consommateurs ? Cet exposé pose le problème de définition de l’innovation sous trois angles : u..