A high-frequency, long-term data set of hydrology and sediment yield: the alpine badland catchments of Draix-Bléone Observatory

Draix-Bléone critical zone observatory was created in 1983 to study erosion processes in a mountainous badland region of the French Southern Alps. Six catchments of varying size (0.001 to 22 km2) and vegetation cover are equipped to measure water and sediment fluxes, both as bedload and suspended load. This paper presents the core dataset of the observatory, including rainfall and meteorology, high-frequency discharge and suspended-sediment concentration, and event-scale bedload volumes. The longest records span almost 40 years. Measurement and data-processing methods are presented, as well as data quality assessment procedures and examples of results. All the data presented in this paper are available on the open repository https://doi.org/10.17180/obs.draix (Draix-Bleone Observatory, 2015), and a 5-year snapshot is available for review at https://doi.org/10.57745/BEYQFQ (Klotz et al., 2023).</p

Comparison between laser induced plasmas in gas and in liquid

In this work, the main peculiarities of Laser Induced Plasma (LIP) in liquid have been investigated by comparing the evolution of the LIP in water and in air. To this end, fast shadowgraphy and temporally resolved emission spectroscopy were used. The experimental results reveal a scenario where plasma under water remains in a high-density state, characterized by the condensation of electronic levels as a consequence of the confinement effect of the surrounding water. In this case, the plasma emission spectrum consists of continuum radiation. In contrast, LIP in air expands, reaching an ideal plasma state in a few hundred nanoseconds. In this condition, excited electronic levels are enabled and the spectrum is characterized by discrete emission lines, according to the Boltzmann statistics. These differences allow LIP in liquid and gas to be used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from analytical chemistry to nanomaterial production

Nonlinear programming approach for design of high performance sigma-delta modulators

\u3cp\u3eIn this chapter we present a nonlinear programming approach to the design of third-order sigma–delta modulators with respect to maximization of the signal-to-noise ratio, taking into account the modulator’s stability. The proposed approach uses an analytic formula for calculation of the signal-to-noise ratio and an analytic formula for stability of the modulator. Thus the goal function becomes maximization of the signal-to-noise ratio and constraints come from stability issues and bounds of the modulator noise transfer function coefficients. The results are compared with the optimal third-order modulator design provided by DStoolbox. The proposed procedure has low computation requirements. It is described for third-order modulators with one real pole of the loop filter transfer function and can be extended easily and generalized to higher-order modulators.\u3c/p\u3

Species composition and plant traits: Characterization of the biogeomorphological succession within contrasting river corridors

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