ANALISIS FAKTOR RESIKO KEJADIAN DEMAM TIFOID PADA PASIEN RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT ADVENT MANADO TAHUN 2016

Demam tifoid masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang penting di berbagai Negara sedang berkembang. Penyakit ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan sanitasi lingkungan seperti hygiene perorangan, kebersihan lingkungan dan tempat umum juga perilaku hidup sehat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor risiko kejadian demam tifoid pada pasien rawat inap di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado tahun 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analytical survey dengan desain kasus kontrol (case control). Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado pada bulan November – Desember 2016. Sampel untuk kelompok kasus adalah pasien yang positif menderita demam tifoid berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, sejumlah 50 penderita dan kelompok kontrol 50 responden bukan penderita, dengan metode pengambilan sampel secara simple random sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah higiene perorangan dan sanitasi lingkungan, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah kejadian demam tifoid. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi square (CI=95%, α=0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara kebiasaan mencuci tangan sebelum makan dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan pvalue sebesar 0,241, terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan makan di luar rumah dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan nilai pvalue sebesar 0,000 dan nilai odds ratio (OR)=13,500 (CI(95%)=2,930-62,209), tidak ada hubungan antara sarana air bersih untuk dikonsumsi dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan nilai p value sebesar 0,413, tidak adanya hubungan antara ketersedian saranapembuangan tinja dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado dengan p value sebesar 0,287.Kata Kunci: Demam Tifoid, Higiene Perorangan, Sanitasi LingkunganABSTRACTTyphoid fever is still an important health problem in various developing countries. This disease is closely associated with environmental sanitation such as individual hygiene, environmental hygiene and public places also the behavior of healthy living. The purpose of this research is to analyze the risk factors of the incidence of typhoid fever in patients of inpatient care in Manado Adventist Hospital on 2016. This research is a survey of analytical research to the design of the control case. The study was conducted at Adventist Manado Hospital in November - December 2016. The study was conducted at Advent Manado Hospital in November - December 2016. Samples for case group were positive patients suffering from typhoid symptoms based on laboratory examination 50 patients and control group of 50 respondents who were not sufferers, with simple random sampling method. Data collection using questionnaire. Independent variables in this study is the personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, while dependent variable is the incidence of typhoid fever. Bivariate analysis using chi square test (CI = 95%, α = 0,05). The results showed that there is no relationship between the habit of washing hands before eating with the incidence of typhoid fever in Manado Adventist Hospital with a p value of 0.241, there is a relationship between eating habits outside the house with the incidence of typhoid fever in Manado Adventist Hospital with the highest p value 0.000 and values of the odds ratio (OR) = 13,500 (CI (95%) = 2,930-62,209), there is no relationship between the availability of fecal disposal facilities with typhoid fever in Manado Adventist Hospital with a p value of 0.287.Keywords: Typhoid Fever, Personal Hygiene, Environmental Sanitatio

DETERMINAN HIPERTENSI PADA PEDAGANG PASAR TRADISIONAL PETISAH DI KOTA MEDAN TAHUN 2023

Berdasarkan data WHO menunjukkan sekitar 1,13 miliar orang menyandang hipertensi, artinya 1 dari 3 orang di dunia terdiagnosis hipertensi, pada tahun 2025 diperkirakan akan ada 1,5 miliar orang yang terkena hipertensi, dan diperkirakan setiap tahunnya 10,44 juta orang meninggal akibat hipertensi dan komplikasinya, kasus penderita hipertensi di kota Medan menempati posisike2 tertinggi dengan jumlah kasus sebanyak 89.333 jiwa dengan persentase 18,03%. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui determinan hipertensi pada pedagang pasar tradisional Petisah dikota Medan tahun 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi crossectional, dengan sampel 94 responden dengan teknik pengambilan accidental sampling, pengolahan data bivatiate menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan kualitas tidur dengan kejadian hipertensi pada pedagang (P-value0,119), ada hubungan stres kerja dengan kejadian hipertensi pada pedagang (P-value0,000), ada hubungan merokok dengan kejadian hipertensi pada pedagang (p-value 0,000), ada hubungan antara obesitas dengan kejadian hipertensi dengan (p-value 0,002), diharapkan kepada dinas kesehatan bekerja sama dengan PD pasar dalam melakukan menyuluhan dan edukasi guna meningkatkan pengetahuan pedagang sehingga dapat meminimalisir kejadian hipertensi pada pedagan

Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in a naturalistic schizophrenia population: diagnostic value of actometric movement patterns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders (NIMDs) have overlapping co-morbidity. Earlier studies have described typical clinical movement patterns for individual NIMDs. This study aimed to identify specific movement patterns for each individual NIMD using actometry.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A naturalistic population of 99 schizophrenia inpatients using conventional antipsychotics and clozapine was evaluated. Subjects with NIMDs were categorized using the criteria for NIMD found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).</p> <p>Two blinded raters evaluated the actometric-controlled rest activity data for activity periods, rhythmical activity, frequencies, and highest acceleration peaks. A simple subjective question was formulated to test patient-based evaluation of NIMD.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The patterns of neuroleptic-induced akathisia (NIA) and pseudoakathisia (PsA) were identifiable in actometry with excellent inter-rater reliability. The answers to the subjective question about troubles with movements distinguished NIA patients from other patients rather well. Also actometry had rather good screening performances in distinguishing akathisia from other NIMD. Actometry was not able to reliably detect patterns of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study showed that pooled NIA and PsA patients had a different pattern in lower limb descriptive actometry than other patients in a non-selected sample. Careful questioning of patients is a useful method of diagnosing NIA in a clinical setting.</p

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEPATUHAN PERAWAT MELAKUKAN 3M DALAM MENCEGAH INFEKSI COVID-19 DI RSUD ACEH SINGKIL

Angka kematian akibat virus corona di Indonesia  tertinggi di Asia setelah Cina, meninggal 181 orang, persentase kematian 9,11%, jumlah kasus virus corona 1.986 kasus, sembuh 134 orang.  Sampai tanggal 5 April 2020 terkonfirmasi Covid-19 berjumlah 2.273 orang, sembuh 164 orang dan meninggal 198 orang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk Menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan perawat melakukan 3M dalam mencegah infeksi covid-19 di RSUD Aceh Singkil. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survey bersifat analitik menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Desain penelitian cross sectional merupakan jenis survei yang mengamati sebuah objek penelitian, baik satu maupun beberapa variabel, dengan cara menghimpun data pada suatu masa yang sama. Hasil analisis bivariat diperoleh hasil Pengetahuan Perawat tentang Covid-19 dan 3M dengan Kepatuhan Perawat  melakukan 3M dalam Mencegah Infeksi Covid-19   didapat nilai p = 0,000 &lt; 0,05, Hubungan Sikap  Perawat tentang Covid-19 dan 3M dengan Kepatuhan Perawat  melakukan 3M dalam Mencegah  Infeksi Covid-19 didapat nilai p = 0,011 &lt; 0,05, Hubungan Ketersediaan fasilitas atau sarana yang mendukung pelaksanaan 3M tentang Covid-19 dengan Kepatuhan Perawat  melakukan 3M dalam Mencegah Infeksi Covid-19 didapat nilai p = 0,039 &lt; 0,05, Disimpulkan bahwa semua variabel independen berhubungan dengan Kepatuhan Perawat  melakukan 3M dalam Mencegah  Infeksi Covid-19   di RSUD Aceh Singki

Space use, interaction and recursion in a solitary specialized herbivore: a red panda case study

Better understanding of ecology is crucial for the success of an endangered species conservation program. There is little information available on space use, conspecific interactions and recursions by one such species, the red panda Ailurus fulgens. To address this deficiency we used GPS telemetry to examine their home range, core area, home-range overlap, dynamic interactions, and recursive movement, and investigated the effect of sex, age, and body mass on these behaviours across seasons. The median annual home range was 1.41 with nearly a quarter of this range being used as the core area. Sex and reproductive status were the key determinants of space use patterns on a seasonal scale, while body mass and age remained significant correlates for the core area. The home range of males was nearly double that of females, likely because of the polygynous mating system in red pandas. Females avoided overlapping home ranges while males overlapped home range with up to four females, and neighbouring males overlapped nearly half of their ranges. We found rare interactions between males and females outside the mating season. Red pandas showed site fidelity within their territory with seasonal variation across sex classes. We also observed high individual variation in patterns of both space use and recursion. Taken together, these results suggest that differences in biological requirements across seasons determine red panda space use patterns, conspecific interactions and recursion. But forage availability and quality, climatic factors, disturbances and habitat fragmentation are also likely to influence these behaviours, and these need to be investigated

Improved trapping and handling of an arboreal, montane mammal: Red Panda Ailurus fulgens

It is sometimes essential to have an animal in the hand to study some of their ecological and biological characteristics. However, capturing a solitary, cryptic, elusive arboreal species such as the red panda in the wild is challenging. We developed and successfully tested a protocol for tracking, trapping, immobilization, and handling of red pandas in the wild in eastern Nepal. We established a red panda sighting rate of 0.89 panda/day with a capture success rate of 0.6. We trapped and collared one animal in 3.7 days. On average, we took nearly 136 (range 50–317) min to capture an animal after spotting it. Further processing was completed in 38.5 (21–70) min. Before capture, we found it difficult to recognize the sex of the red panda and to differentiate sub-adults above six months from adults. However, body weight, body length, tail length, shoulder height, and chest girth can be used for diagnosis, as these attributes are smaller in sub-adults. Our method is a welfare-friendly way of trapping and handling wild red pandas. We report new morphometric data that could serve as a guide for field identification

Long-Stay Psychiatric Patients: A Prospective Study Revealing Persistent Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorder

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of persistent drug-induced movement disorders namely, tardive dyskinesia (TD), parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dystonia in a representative sample of long-stay patients with chronic severe mental illness. METHOD: Naturalistic study of 209, mainly white, antipsychotic-treated patients, mostly diagnosed with psychotic disorder. Of this group, the same rater examined 194 patients at least two times over a 4-year period, with a mean follow-up time of 1.1 years, with validated scales for TD, parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dystonia. RESULTS: The frequencies of persistent movement disorders in the sample were 28.4% for TD, 56.2% for parkinsonism, 4.6% for akathisia and 5.7% for tardive dystonia. Two-thirds of the participants displayed at least one type of persistent movement disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent movement disorder continues to be the norm for long-stay patients with chronic mental illness and long-term antipsychotic treatment. Measures are required to remedy this situation

Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder

Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p &lt; 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed

Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder

Background: Sunlight contains ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation that triggers the production of vitamin D by skin. Vitamin D has widespread effects on brain function in both developing and adult brains. However, many people live at latitudes (about &gt; 40 N or S) that do not receive enough UVB in winter to produce vitamin D. This exploratory study investigated the association between the age of onset of bipolar I disorder and the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production in a large global sample. Methods: Data for 6972 patients with bipolar I disorder were obtained at 75 collection sites in 41 countries in both hemispheres. The best model to assess the relation between the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production and age of onset included 1 or more months below the threshold, family history of mood disorders, and birth cohort. All coefficients estimated at P ≤ 0.001. Results: The 6972 patients had an onset in 582 locations in 70 countries, with a mean age of onset of 25.6&nbsp;years. Of the onset locations, 34.0% had at least 1&nbsp;month below the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production. The age of onset at locations with 1 or more months of less than or equal to the threshold for UVB was 1.66&nbsp;years younger. Conclusion: UVB and vitamin D may have an important influence on the development of bipolar disorder. Study limitations included a lack of data on patient vitamin D levels, lifestyles, or supplement use. More study of the impacts of UVB and vitamin D in bipolar disorder is needed to evaluate this supposition