Words matter: a systematic review of communication in non-native aquatic species literature

How scientists communicate can influence public viewpoints on invasive species. In the scientific litera-ture, some invasion biologists adopt neutral language, while others use more loaded language, for example by emphasizing the devastating impacts of invasive species and outlining consequences for policy and practice. An evaluation of the use of language in the invasion biology literature does not exist, preventing us from understanding which frames are used and whether there are correlations between message framing in scientific papers and local environmental impacts associated with invasive species. Thus, we conducted a systematic literature review of 278 peer-reviewed articles published from 2008-2018 to understand communication styles adopted by social and natural scientists while reporting on aquatic non-native spe-cies research. Species-centered frames (45%) and human-centered frames (55%) were adopted to nearly equal degrees. Negative valence was dominant in that 81.3% of articles highlighted the negative risks and impacts of invasive species. Additionally, the use of terminology was found to broadly align with the stage of invasion, in that "invasive" was most commonly used except when the research was conducted at early stages of invasion, when "non-native" was most commonly used. Terminology use therefore enables readers of scientific papers to infer the status and severity of ongoing invasions. Given that science communication within the peer-reviewed literature affects public understanding of research outcomes, these findings provide an important point of reflection for researchers

Enhanced Interferon-β Response Contributes to Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Type I interferon (IFN-I, including IFN-α and IFN-β) response has been implicated in eosinophilic inflammation, in addition to antiviral function. This study aimed to investigate the role of IFN-I in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). IFN-α, IFN-β, cytokine expression, and IFN-β cellular localization in the sinonasal tissue from control subjects and ECRS patients with nasal polyps (NP) were determined using real time-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. ECRS was induced in wild-type (WT) and IFNAR1 knockout (Ifnar1−/−) mice by intranasal challenge with Aspergillus protease and ovalbumin. Stromal cells cultured from NP tissue were stimulated by exogenous IFN-β, and their CCL11 production and IRF3, IRF7, STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 gene and/or protein expression were measured. IFN-β, IL-5, IL-13, and CCL11 expression was higher in the NP tissue from ECRS patients, compared to the control group. IFN-β was highly colocalized with the CD11c+ cells in NP. IFN-β levels positively correlated with IL-5, IL-13, and CCL11 levels as well as the number of eosinophils in the NP tissue and CT score. The histological severity of ECRS, levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and CCL11 in the nasal lavage fluid, and total serum IgE levels were less in Ifnar1−/− mice than in WT mice. CCL11 production, and STAT1 and STAT2 mRNA and STAT1, phospho-STAT1, and phospho-STAT2 protein expression were significantly increased by exogenous IFN-β in NP stromal cells. Our data suggest that IFN-β response was upregulated in ECRS and may play role in ECRS development. IFN-β may contribute to ECRS by enhancing CCL11 production. Thus, increased IFN-β response in the sinonasal mucosa may underlie ECRS pathogenesis

Moxifloxacin: Clinically compatible contrast agent for multiphoton imaging

Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a nonlinear fluorescence microscopic technique widely used for cellular imaging of thick tissues and live animals in biological studies. However, MPM application to human tissues is limited by weak endogenous fluorescence in tissue and cytotoxicity of exogenous probes. Herein, we describe the applications of moxifloxacin, an FDA-approved antibiotic, as a cell-labeling agent for MPM. Moxifloxacin has bright intrinsic multiphoton fluorescence, good tissue penetration and high intracellular concentration. MPM with moxifloxacin was demonstrated in various cell lines, and animal tissues of cornea, skin, small intestine and bladder. Clinical application is promising since imaging based on moxifloxacin labeling could be 10 times faster than imaging based on endogenous fluorescence.David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT (Bridge Initiative

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Tourism and Tourism At Home: A Qualitative Study of Relationships between Tourism and Ethnic Restaurants

This study explores how ethnic restaurants serve their role as ‘tourism at home’, by investigating customers’ motivation to visit ethnic restaurants, especially in relation to tourism. This study adopted a grounded theory approach, using semi-structured interviews composed of two phases. The first phase of interviews was conducted with 18 British people who had experienced at least one of the four ethnic restaurants, Chinese, Japanese, Thai or Korean. The second phase of interviews was conducted with 12 British people who were actually visiting one of the origin countries of those restaurants, Korea, to see if people share the same motivation to visit ethnic restaurants as travel motivation. Six common motivational factors between visiting ethnic restaurants and travel (i.e., to change/ escape from the routine, to experience something new/ different, to experience and learn about another culture, curiosity/ desire to explore unknown, togetherness, and travelling itself) were established through findings, and the relationships between motivation to visit ethnic restaurants and tourism, and how they influence each other were identified

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Scope 3 Inventory and Corporate Climate Strategy for Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc

According to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, the Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting standard, Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions constitute emissions that result from indirect activities or assets not owned by an organization. Of all the GHG emissions generated by the food and beverage industry, as much as 90% are Scope 3, often stemming from complex agricultural, manufacturing, and distribution supply chains out of the direct control of large brands (Greenhouse Gas Protocol, 2015). In an effort to address and mitigate climate change for their farmer-owned cooperative, Ocean Spray Cranberries (OSC) sought help to conduct a GHG inventory of Scope 3 emissions and identify Scope 3 reduction targets. The University of Michigan Master’s Project team was tasked with conducting a GHG inventory of Scope 3 emissions to assess the baseline of OSC indirect emissions. A value chain map was created in conjunction with OSC’s sustainability team. A specialized Scope 3 calculator relevant to OSC’S Scope 3 categories and updated emissions factors was developed as a tool to assess indirect emissions. In addition, the team helped calculate upstream transportation and distribution emissions reductions associated with shifts to regional production in Canada and Australia. This project provided tools to help inform OSC’s corporate climate strategy to mitigate the effects of and adapt to climate change. Students received better insight into the challenges associated with accounting for and reducing indirect Scope 3 emissions.Master of ScienceSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/172198/1/Ocean Spray Master's Project.pd

Drought Monitoring Based on Vegetation Type and Reanalysis Data in Korea

Droughts affect economic, social, and environmental aspects in regions such as the Korean Peninsula, where more than 70% of the area comprises forests; hence, their monitoring is imperative. Despite the many indices and methodologies developed for monitoring, diagnosing droughts using reanalysis data is challenging as the data are characterized by low resolution and simplified vegetation classification. This study utilized a recently released ERA5 reanalysis dataset and its vegetation type information to derive indices that represent meteorological drought. Furthermore, their accuracy in South Korea, based on observation data, was evaluated. The spatio-temporal variability of droughts was analyzed using various factor and correlation analysis methods considering different atmospheric variables and soil moisture. The validity of the method was verified by comparing the observed and obtained data. Soil moisture in the first and second soil layers was sensitive to droughts in low-vegetation areas, thus requiring relatively frequent monitoring of precipitation and evapotranspiration near the topsoil. High-vegetation areas were most affected in the third layers one month after the drought. Hence, forest drought monitoring should consider precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff one month in advance. The results obtained herein can be used for forest drought monitoring one month before its occurrence

Drought Monitoring Based on Vegetation Type and Reanalysis Data in Korea

Droughts affect economic, social, and environmental aspects in regions such as the Korean Peninsula, where more than 70% of the area comprises forests; hence, their monitoring is imperative. Despite the many indices and methodologies developed for monitoring, diagnosing droughts using reanalysis data is challenging as the data are characterized by low resolution and simplified vegetation classification. This study utilized a recently released ERA5 reanalysis dataset and its vegetation type information to derive indices that represent meteorological drought. Furthermore, their accuracy in South Korea, based on observation data, was evaluated. The spatio-temporal variability of droughts was analyzed using various factor and correlation analysis methods considering different atmospheric variables and soil moisture. The validity of the method was verified by comparing the observed and obtained data. Soil moisture in the first and second soil layers was sensitive to droughts in low-vegetation areas, thus requiring relatively frequent monitoring of precipitation and evapotranspiration near the topsoil. High-vegetation areas were most affected in the third layers one month after the drought. Hence, forest drought monitoring should consider precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff one month in advance. The results obtained herein can be used for forest drought monitoring one month before its occurrence