From Ideology to Economics: Understanding the Conflict between two Countries

Religious and ideological disparities have contributed to tensions between the two nations. The division of British India in 1947 along religious lines created a deep-seated divide, leading to ongoing conflicts. A key factor is the territorial dispute over Kashmir. Both countries claim Kashmir, resulting in multiple wars and persistent tensions. Political, military, and economic interests, as well as national pride, drive this dispute. India and Pakistan both seek regional dominance in South Asia. Kashmir’s strategic location near China adds complexity. Control over Kashmir allows Pakistan a land link with China, while India sees it as crucial for its territorial integrity. The legacy of the 1947 partition of British India plays a significant role. Along religious lines, the partition caused riots and mass migrations, leaving a lasting impact on relations. International Involvement: Global powers have strategic and economic interests in the region, influencing the conflict dynamics. The international community has been concerned with various attempts at mediation and resolution. The G20 summit, which India is hosting in 2023, is another platform where the Kashmir issue may be raised or sidelined by the two countries, depending on their strategies and objectives. Pakistan has opposed India’s decision to hold a G20 meeting in Srinagar, the capital of Indian-administered Kashmir. Conversely, India has asserted its sovereignty over the entire region and dismissed Pakistan’s objections. The G20 summit may also offer an opportunity for dialogue and cooperation between India and Pakistan on other global issues, such as climate change, economy, and development. Kashmir’s rich natural resources, including fruits, saffron, and minerals, offer economic benefits. India and Pakistan aim to benefit from these resources and tourism potential, adding another layer to the conflict. The India-Pakistan conflict is complex, involving religious, ideological, territorial, historical, geopolitical, and economic factors. Resolving this multifaceted issue requires addressing all these dimensions comprehensively. To research the India-Pakistan conflict, we can employ a multidisciplinary research methodology to comprehensively address the various dimensions involved: Historical Analysis, case studies, geopolitical analysis, and economic analysis

Proximate composition and mineral profile of eight different unstudied date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties from Pakistan

With the aim of extending the knowledge on chemical composition of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.), eight different sun dried date varieties; (1) Daki, (2) Aseel, (3) Coconut, (4) Khuzravi, (5) Halavi, (6) Zahidi, (7) Deglet Noor and (8) Barkavi were examined to determine their proximate composition and mineral profile. All the date varieties were found to be rich in proteins, fiber, carbohydrates and net gross energy (352.329 Kcal/100 g in Aseel to 425.147 Kcal/100 g in Khuzravi) having suitable levels of lipids and low values of ash, moisture and oxalates. Na, K and Li were found as macrominerals whereas Cr, Cu, Ca, Mg, Ni, Zn and Mn were found as microminerals. The results suggest that all the studied dates serve as good source of vital nutrients and can be considered as premium quality having significantly higher energy values than the earlier reported values for dates

Impacts of cyclone and flood on crop and fish production in disaster prone coastal Bhola district of Bangladesh

This study assessed the impact of climate change induced disaster on crops and fisheries production at Bhola Sadar and Monpura upazila of Bhola district, Bangladesh during January to June 2018. The study was gathered primary data from primary observation (PO), questionnaire survey (QS), focus group discussion (FGD), and key informant interview (KII). Secondary data were collected from Upazila Agricultural Office and Upazila Fisheries Office of Bhola Sadar and Manpura upazila and moreover, climatic data were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department. Results of the study found that trend analysis indicates overall annual maximum temperature increased for Kharif-I, Kharif-II and Rabi season. Average annual minimum temperature also increased for Kharif-I season but decreased for Kharif-II and Rabi season. Study also found that for all cropping season average relative humidity was increased. Annual average rainfall exhibited decreasing trend for Kharif-I and Rabi season but increased for Kharif-II season in (1990-2019) time period. The Aus, T. Aman, Boro and Mung bean was dominant cropping pattern in Kharif-I, Kharif- II and Rabi season in Bhola district. Overall, Aus rice production in Kharif-I season increased but in 2009, 2013 production was decreased because of cyclone Aila (2009) and Cyclone Mahasen (2013). T. Aman production hampered due to Cyclone Sidr (2007) and flood (2014) in Kharif-II season. In Rabi season Boro rice production lessen because of low rainfall and salinity intrusion. Overall, Mung bean production increase but in 2008 and 2009 production become hampered due to late cultivation because of Cyclone Sidr (2007). Fish production rate increase in Bhola specially Hilsha fish because of non-climatic factor like raid in non-fishing time, banned current net but fish production in pond become diminished due to infrequent natural disaster. Practicing of salt and flood tolerant varieties, floating bed vegetable cultivation, and mixed cropping system (mainly for Rabi season), enhanced expedition activities against catching mother Ilish in prohibition period, dredging in the heart of the river which can eventually reduce vulnerabilities and increase crop and fish production in the Bhola region. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 40-55, June 202

Enumerasi Graf Sederhana dengan Enam Simpul Menggunakan Teorema Polya

Salah satu dari dari masalah yang sering muncul dalam matematika adalah masalah enumerasi atau pencacahan objek dari suatu pengaturan. Seperti diketahui, dari beberapa permasalahan matematika yang rumit terkait pada masalah enumerasi tersebut. Hal ini lebih dikarenakan permasalahan konspetual yaitu ketika objek berbeda dapat dipandang sama (isomorfis). Selain grup permutasi, penyelesaian permasalahan enumerasi juga melibatkan Teorema Polya I dan Teorema Polya II. Teorema Polya I digunakan untuk menentukan banyaknya objek yang tidak isomorfis sedangkan Teorema Polya II digunakan untuk menentukan bentuk-bentuk objek yang tidak isomorfis tersebut. Beberapa tahun terakhir dilakukan penelitian terkait permasalahan enumerasi pada graf sederhana. Lebih detailnya, permasalahan mengenai banyaknya graf sederhana dengan empat (lima) simpul yang tidak isomorfis menggunakan konsep grup simetri , Teorema Polya I serta Teorema Polya II sehingga diperoleh hasil sebelas (tiga puluh lima) graf sederhana yang tidak saling isomorfis. Pada Penelitian ini diselidiki banyaknya graf sederhana dengan enam simpul yang tidak isomorfis menggunakan konsep grup simetri , Teorema Polya I serta Teorema Polya II sehingga diperoleh hasil seratus lima puluh enam graf sederhana yang tidak saling isomorfis

In vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of the aqueous, chloroform and methanol extracts of Dicranopteris linearis leaves

The in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of the aqueous, chloroform and methanol extracts of the Dicranopteris linearis leaves were investigated in the present study. The cytotoxic effect was determined against the normal (3T3) and cancer cells’ lines (MCF-7, HeLa, HT-29, HL-60, K-562 and MDA-MB-231) using the 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, while the antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical and superoxide scavenging assays. Based on the results obtained, the aqueous extract was not effective against any of the types of cancer cells studied; the chloroform extract was effective only against MCF-7 and HeLa; and the methanol extract was effective against all the cancer cells used. Interestingly, all extracts failed to produce cytotoxic effect against the 3T3 cells (normal cell) indicating their safety. All extracts (20, 100 and 500 μg/ml) were found to exert antioxidant activity when tested using the DPPH radical and superoxide scavenging assays; with the methanol, followed by the aqueous and chloroform extracts exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity in both assays. The total phenolic content for the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts were 3112.1 ± 6.7, 3417.3 ± 4.7 and 1012.7 ± 5.3 mg/100 g gallic acid, respectively. In conclusion, the leaves of D. linearis possess potential cytotoxic activity against various types of cancer cell lines depending on the types of extracts used and antioxidant activity, which need to be further explored.Keywords: Dicranopteris linearis, in vitro anticancer activity, MTT assay, aqueous extract, chloroform extract, methanol extrac

Enumerasi Graf Sederhana dengan Enam Simpul Menggunakan Teorema Polya

Salah satu dari dari masalah yang sering muncul dalam matematika adalah masalah enumerasi atau pencacahan objek dari suatu pengaturan. Seperti diketahui, dari beberapa permasalahan matematika yang rumit terkait pada masalah enumerasi tersebut. Hal ini lebih dikarenakan permasalahan konspetual yaitu ketika objek berbeda dapat dipandang sama (isomorfis). Selain grup permutasi, penyelesaian permasalahan enumerasi juga melibatkan Teorema Polya I dan Teorema Polya II. Teorema Polya I digunakan untuk menentukan banyaknya objek yang tidak isomorfis sedangkan Teorema Polya II digunakan untuk menentukan bentuk-bentuk objek yang tidak isomorfis tersebut. Beberapa tahun terakhir dilakukan penelitian terkait permasalahan enumerasi pada graf sederhana. Lebih detailnya, permasalahan mengenai banyaknya graf sederhana dengan empat (lima) simpul yang tidak isomorfis menggunakan konsep grup simetri , Teorema Polya I serta Teorema Polya II sehingga diperoleh hasil sebelas (tiga puluh lima) graf sederhana yang tidak saling isomorfis. Pada Penelitian ini diselidiki banyaknya graf sederhana dengan enam simpul yang tidak isomorfis menggunakan konsep grup simetri , Teorema Polya I serta Teorema Polya II sehingga diperoleh hasil seratus lima puluh enam graf sederhana yang tidak saling isomorfis

Accretions of Various Types of Dark Energies onto Morris-Thorne Wormhole

In this work, we have studied accretion of the dark energies onto Morris-Thorne wormhole. For quintessence like dark energy, the mass of the wormhole decreases and phantom like dark energy, the mass of wormhole increases. We have assumed two types of dark energy like variable modified Chaplygin gas (VMCG) and generalized cosmic Chaplygin gas (GCCG). We have found the expression of wormhole mass in both cases. We have found the mass of the wormhole at late universe and this is finite. For our choices the parameters and the function $B(a)$, these models generate only quintessence dark energy (not phantom) and so wormhole mass decreases during evolution of the universe. Next we have assumed 5 kinds of parametrizations of well known dark energy models. These models generate both quintessence and phantom scenarios. So if these dark energies accrete onto the wormhole, then for quintessence stage, wormhole mass decreases upto a certain value (finite value) and then again increases to infinite value for phantom stage during whole evolution of the universe. We also shown these results graphically.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1112.615

Risk-Based Screening Tools to Optimise HIV Testing Services: a Systematic Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Effective ways to diagnose the remaining people living with HIV who do not know their status are a global priority. We reviewed the use of risk-based tools, a set of criteria to identify individuals who would not otherwise be tested (screen in) or excluded people from testing (screen out). RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies suggest that there may be value in risk-based tools to improve testing efficiency (i.e. identifying those who need to be tested). However, there has not been any systematic reviews to synthesize these studies. We identified 18,238 citations, and 71 were included. The risk-based tools identified were most commonly from high-income (51%) and low HIV (<5%) prevalence countries (73%). The majority were for "screening in" (70%), with the highest performance tools related to identifying MSM with acute HIV. Screening in tools may be helpful in settings where it is not feasible or recommended to offer testing routinely. Caution is needed for screening out tools, where there is a trade-off between reducing costs of testing with missing cases of people living with HIV

Online health information seeking among people with diabetes mellitus and its association with self-management

Diabetes requires dedicated self-management to be able to achieve good control and outcome as this is a lifelong condition. The internet offers an amazing wealth of health information which may influence diabetes self-management. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of online health information seeking among people with diabetes and its associated factors. About 380 participants answered the online health information seeking questionnaire developed from literature search and expert panel review. Diabetes Self-Management was assessed using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ). The prevalence of online health information seeking among people with diabetes was 38.4%. Common information sought included diabetes treatment (82.9%) lifestyle modification (77.4%) and diabetes prevention (67.3%). A large majority (93.1%) felt that the online information on diabetes was useful. Doctors and printed reading materials were the most common sources of information for diabetes (94.2% & 65.3%). Lower median age (59 years, IQR = 11), having a family member with diabetes, (COR = 1.188) tertiary education (COR = 6.037) and those who are employed (COR = 3.880) have higher odds of seeking online diabetes related health information. However, there was no significant association between online health information seeking and diabetes self-management. Prevalence of online health information seeking among people with diabetes was at an acceptable level. However, it was not associated with optimal diabetic self-management. Doctors and printed information remain as popular sources of information and hence should be maintained

Effects of safety pattern, cabin ergonomics, and sleep on work-related stress and burnout of city and transit bus drivers in Lahore, Pakistan

The health and working environment of bus drivers is compromised in low-middle-income countries like Pakistan which leads to burnout and excessive Road Traffic Crashes. Hence, this study delves into factors affecting their safe operations from health and work environment perspectives and measures their associated stress and Burnout level. In a study of four hundred and ninety-nine (499), 86% city and 14% transit bus drivers are surveyed through a questionnaire. Stress is estimated for city and transit bus drivers, using the Effort/Reward Imbalance Model (ERI) of Siegrist, and burnout is calculated using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). For the determination of important determinants, descriptive and regression analyses are conducted. Findings show that stress has emerged as a negative factor for the physical and psychological health of city and transit bus drivers. Results based on bus drivers’ responses suggest that organisational awareness and emphasis on health and safety levels can significantly reduce driver stress and burnout