Editorial: Pre-workout nutrition

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The effect of high intensity interval exercise on postprandial triacylglycerol and leukocyte activation - monitored for 48h post exercise

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Complexes of Group 2 dications with soft thioether- and selenoether-containing macrocycles

A new route to cationic complexes of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba with 18-membered ring O4S2, O4Se2 and O2S4 donor macrocycles from metal acetonitrile complexes with weakly coordinating [BArF]? anions is described. The precursors used were [M(MeCN)x][BArF]2 (M = Mg, x = 6; M = Ca, x = 8) and [M?(acacH)(MeCN)5][BArF]2 (M? = Sr or Ba). Reaction of these with the heterocrowns, [18]aneO4S2 (1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-dithiacyclooctadecane), [18]aneO4Se2 (1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diselenacyclooctadecane) or [18]aneO2S4 (1,10-dioxa-4,7,13,16-tetrathiacyclooctadecane) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 solution gave [M(heterocrown)(MeCN)2][BArF]2 for M = Mg, Ca or Sr, whilst the larger Ba forms [Ba(heterocrown)(acacH)(MeCN)][BArF]2. The complexes have been characterised by microanalysis, IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. X-ray crystal structures are reported for [Ca([18]aneO2S4)(MeCN)2][BArF]2, [Ca([18]aneO4Se2)(MeCN)2][BArF]2, [Sr([18]aneO4S2)(MeCN)2][BArF]2, and [Sr([18]aneO4Se2)(MeCN)2][BArF]2 which contain 8-coordinate metal centres with trans-nitrile ligands and ?6-heterocrowns, and for the 9-coordinate [Ba([18]aneO4Se2)(acacH)(MeCN)][BArF]2. Adventitious hydrolysis of the magnesium complexes in solution results in six-coordinate complexes, [Mg(?3-[18]aneO4Se2)(OH2)2(MeCN)][BArF]2 and [Mg(?3-[18]aneO4S2)(OH2)2(MeCN)][BArF]2, whose structures were determined. X-ray crystal structures are also reported for [Mg(MeCN)6][BArF]2, [M(MeCN)8][BArF]2 (M = Ca, Sr) and [Ca(18-crown-6)(MeCN)2][BArF]

Coupling ammonia-N production with ammonia-N uptake in the rumen

Abstract only availableMicrobial efficiency is defined as a measure of microbial yield in the rumen per unit of organic matter fermented. Because the ruminant is dependant on microbial mass for its supply of amino acids, the nutritional goal is to maximize microbial efficiency. However, an excessive supply of nutrients to rumen microbes can result in waste. Excessive waste can have negative economic and environmental consequences. A study was conducted to determine if prediction of ammonia-N release could be optimized with bacterial ammonia uptake in the rumen. The hypothesis of this research was that a diet could be formulated such that ammonia-N release would match the ammonia uptake by rumen microflora. To test this hypothesis, a continuous culture system of twenty fermentors placed in a 39ºC water bath was used. Dietary treatments were basal, 0.33X, 0.66X, X, and 1.33X. The optimal diet (diet X) was formulated using substrates with complementary degradation rates in order to maintain an optimal ammonia level of 2 mM (Satter & Slyter, 1973). Following an acclimation period of 4 days, samples were collected for 3 days. Collected samples were analyzed for organic matter digestibility (OMD), concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH, and microbial efficiency. Microbial efficiency was maximized for diet X. As the degradable protein level increased in the diet, VFA increased and pH decreased. The degradable protein level did not influence OMD. Conclusions from this data were that increasing degradable protein increased fermentative activity but not microbial yield. We further deduced that previous research conducted in our laboratory was valid in concluding that ammonia-N requirements could be modeled. This will enhance diet formulation for ruminants.F.B. Miller Animal Sciences Summer Undergraduate Research Progra

A response from Comiskey et al

The abstract is included in the text

A systematic scoping review of study methodology for randomized controlled trials investigating probiotics in athletic and physically active populations

Background: The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers, practitioners, and the lay public alike. There has also been an increased research focus within the realm of sports science and exercise medicine on the athletic gut microbiota. However, compared to other ergogenic aids and dietary supplements, probiotics present unique study challenges. The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to identify and characterize study methodologies of randomized controlled trials investigating supplementation with probiotics in athletes and physically active individuals. Methods: Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) were searched for randomized controlled studies involving healthy athletes or physically active individuals. An intervention with probiotics and inclusion of a control and/or placebo group were essential. Only peer-reviewed articles in English were considered, and there were no date restrictions. Results were extracted and presented in tabular form to detail study protocols, characteristics, and outcomes. Bias in randomized controlled trials was determined with the RoB 2.0 tool. Results: A total of 45 studies were included in the review, with 35 using a parallel group design and 10 using a cross-over design. Approximately half the studies used a single probiotic and the other half a multi-strain preparation. The probiotic dose ranged from 2 × 108 to 1 × 1011 colony forming units daily, and the length of intervention was between 7 and 150 days. Fewer than half the studies directly assessed gastrointestinal symptoms, gut permeability, or the gut microbiota. The sex ratio of participants was heavily weighted toward males, and only 3 studies exclusively investigated females. Low-level adverse events were reported in only 2 studies, although the methodology of reporting varied widely. The risk of bias was generally low, although details on randomization were lacking in some studies. Conclusion: There is a substantial body of research on the effects of probiotic supplementation in healthy athletes and physically active individuals. Considerable heterogeneity in probiotic selection and dosage as well as outcome measures has made clinical and mechanistic interpretation challenging for both health care practitioners and researchers. Attention to issues of randomization of participants, treatments and interventions, selection of outcomes, demographics, and reporting of adverse events will facilitate more trustworthy interpretation of probiotic study results and inform evidence-based guidelines

Do overweight and obese individuals demonstrate impaired thermoregulatory adaptation to six weeks of studio cycling training: a pilot study

High intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective at improving health markers in groups at risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Studio cycling may offer a platform for HIIT in the community, however little is know about how increased adiposity influences thermal control during HIIT and the effect this may have on overweight patients who are new to exercise. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the thermal adaptation in response to studio based group HIIT in sedentary overweight adults

Group studio cycling is an effective intervention to improve cardio-metabolic health in overweight sedentary individuals

Group studio cycling is an effective intervention to improve cardio-metabolic health in overweight sedentary individual

Four Weeks of Probiotic Supplementation Alters the Metabolic Perturbations Induced by Marathon Running: Insight from Metabolomics

Few data are available that describe how probiotics influence systemic metabolism during endurance exercise. Metabolomic profiling of endurance athletes will elucidate mechanisms by which probiotics may confer benefits to the athlete. In this study, twenty-four runners (20 male, 4 female) were block randomised into two groups using a double-blind matched-pairs design according to their most recent Marathon performance. Runners were assigned to 28-days of supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic (PRO) or a placebo (PLB). Following 28-days of supplementation, runners performed a competitive track Marathon race. Venous blood samples and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were collected on the morning of the race and immediately post-race. Samples were subsequently analysed by untargeted 1H-NMR metabolomics. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified a greater difference in the post-Marathon serum metabolome in the PLB group vs. PRO. Univariate tests identified 17 non-overlapped metabolites in PLB, whereas only seven were identified in PRO. By building a PLS-DA model of two components, we revealed combinations of metabolites able to discriminate between PLB and PRO post-Marathon. PCA of muscle biopsies demonstrated no discernible difference post-Marathon between treatment groups. In conclusion, 28-days of probiotic supplementation alters the metabolic perturbations induced by a Marathon. Such findings may be related to maintaining the integrity of the gut during endurance exercise

Muscular Adaptations to Concurrent Resistance Training and High-Intensity Interval Training in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study

This pilot study aimed to compare the effects of eight weeks of concurrent resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. RT alone on muscle performance, mass and quality in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Twelve T2DM adults were randomly allocated to the RT + HIIT (n = 5) or RT (n = 7) group. Before and after training, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), muscle strength and power were evaluated by calorimetry, dynamometry and one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. Quadriceps muscle volume was determined by MRI, and muscle quality was estimated. After RT, VO2max (+12%), knee muscle power (+20%), quadriceps muscle volume (+5.9%) and quality (leg extension, +65.4%; leg step-up, +223%) and 1RM at leg extension (+66.4%), leg step-up (+267%), lat pulldown (+60.9%) and chest press (+61.2%) significantly increased. The RT + HIIT group improved on VO2max (+27%), muscle volume (+6%), muscle power (+9%) and 1RM at lat pulldown (+47%). No other differences were detected. Among groups, changes in muscle quality at leg step-up and leg extension and VO2max were significantly different. The combination of RT and HIIT effectively improves muscle function and size and increases cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with T2DM. However, HIIT combined with RT may interfere with the development of muscle quality