Amenorrhea-An abnormal cessation of normal menstrual cycle

Amenorrhea is the absence or abnormal cessation of menstrual cycles in a woman of reproductive age. Prolonged cessation of menstrual cycles might results in complications such as infertility, psychosocial developmental delays, Osteoporosis, fractures etc. Better understanding of physiology of menstruation is essential to understand the various causes of primary and secondary amenorrhea. Any disruption or functional abnormality in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis can result in abnormal menstruation or amenorrhea. Therefore it is crucial to identify this menstrual distress in women at early age to minimize the risks of reproductive dysfunction in premenstrual and postmenstrual conditions

An Overview: Biological Organisms That Serves as Nanofactories forMetallic Nanoparticles Synthesis and Fungi Being the Most Appropriate

International audienc

AN OVERVIEW: MECHANISTIC APPROACH OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE MYCOFABRICATION AND ITS PROSPECTIVE APPLICATIONS

Silver nanoparticles is gaining momentum because of its unique physiochemical properties. Therefore biological methods have been employed for its synthesis. Among such methods mycofabrication is becoming popular which make use of eukaryotic fungi to produce nanoparticles of different morphology either extracellularly or intracellular with the help of an enzyme nitrate reductas

ISSN-1996-918X Pak

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the mobility and transport of Aluminum (Al) by shoot and grain crops (wheat and maize) grown on two different agricultural soil irrigated with water have high (lake water) and low levels (canal water) of Al. The total and bioavailable fractions (deionized water, 0.11M CH 3 COOH, 0.05M ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA) and 0.1 M HCl extractable) of Al in both understudied agricultural soils and correlate with respective total Al in the edible parts (grains) and non edible parts (Shoots) of wheat and maize. The Al content in lake and canal water samples was found in the range of 750 -1340 and 90 -150 µg/L respectively. The total and extractable Al in both agricultural soil samples, edible and non edible parts of wheat and maize were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion in microwave oven. The edible and non edible part of both crops absorbed significantly high levels of Al grown on agricultural soil irrigated with lake water (SILW) as compared to those grown on soil irrigated with canal water (SICW) had low level of Al (p<0.01). The transfer factor of Al from soils to edible and non edible parts of wheat and maize were also evaluated. It was observed that the bioaccumulation of Al was found to be high in non edible parts of both crops grown in SILW. This study highlights the increased danger of growing food crops in the agricultural land continuously irrigated by Al contaminated lake water

Determination of Total Mercury in Muscle Tissues of Marine Fish Species by Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Followed by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A simple and rapid ultrasonic assisted extraction procedure (UEP) was developed for the determination of total mercury (Hg) in muscle tissues of marine fish species. For this purpose four fish species were collected from fish markets of Karachi, Pakistan. Total Hg concentration was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS), following UEP. Certified reference material DORM-2 (dogfish muscle) was used to validate the results. No significant difference was observed between the experimental results and the certified values of CRM (paired t-test). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of Hg were 0.133 and 0.445 µg/kg respectively. The Hg concentration in muscle tissues were obtained in the range of 0.721 – 1.41 mg/kg on dry weight. The contribution of the daily intake of Hg, based on the consumption of 250 g fresh fish muscles per day was found in the range of 0.615 – 1.22 µg/kg body weight/ day, which is greater than WHO permissible limit

Validating clinical practice guidelines for the management of febrile infants presenting to the emergency department in the UK and Ireland

Objective To report the performance of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) in the diagnosis of serious/invasive bacterial infections (SBI/IBI) in infants presenting with a fever to emergency care in the UK and Ireland. Two CPGs were from the National Institutes for Health and Care Excellence (NICE guidelines NG51 and NG143) and one was from the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC).Design Retrospective multicentre cohort study.Patients Febrile infants aged 90 days or less attending between the 31 August 2018 to 1 September 2019.Main outcome measures The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of CPGs in identifying SBI and IBI.Setting Six paediatric Emergency Departments in the UK/Ireland.Results 555 participants were included in the analysis. The median age was 53 days (IQR 32 to 70), 447 (81%) underwent blood testing and 421 (76%) received parenteral antibiotics. There were five participants with bacterial meningitis (1%), seven with bacteraemia (1%) and 66 (12%) with urinary tract infections. The NICE NG51 CPG was the most sensitive: 1.00 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.00). This was significantly more sensitive than NICE NG143: 0.91 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.96, p=0.0233) and BSAC: 0.82 (95% 0.72 to 0.90, p=0.0005). NICE NG51 was the least specific 0.0 (95% CI 0.0 to 0.01), and this was significantly lower than the NICE NG143: 0.09 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.12,

Effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activities of two cultivars of sweet potatoes

Natural sources of antioxidants are derived from fruits, vegetables and wine, whilst artificial supplements are from teas and spices. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an excellent natural source of vitamins and minerals, and likely a great source of antioxidant. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant activity of orange sweet potato (Vitato) and purple sweet potato (All purple), prepared as heat dry and moist heat for 30 minutes at 100oC. All the samples were obtained from Pasir Puteh and MARDI Telong, Bachok, Kelantan, respectively. Both samples were soaked into methanol to obtain the crude extract prior to analyzing for antioxidant activity by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). IC50 values of dry heat and moist heat Vitato were 0.40mg/L and 0.20mg/L while dry heat and moist heat, All purple were 0.32mg/L and 0.19mg/L, respectively. Both moist heat samples enjoyed higher scavenging activities compared to dry heat samples. However, the All purple sample of moist heat is the most superior one. Significant difference of IC50 values between dry heat and moist heat sample differ significantly. Thus, this study clearly demonstrated that moist heat sweet potato exhibited excellent increase in antioxidant activity