Metaphor and Understanding: The Work of Lakoff and Johnson and Natural Language Processing

Do you remember your first lesson in metaphor? Most likely, you learned that it is a comparison of one thing to another, to give a more descriptive account of something. He was an iceberg or time is money are obvious metaphors. They are regarded as simply vivid expressions to explain our ideas. However, George Lakoff, professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, and Mark Johnson, professor of philosophy at the University of Oregon, assert that metaphors are much more than literary devices. In their 1980 book, Metaphors We Live By, they claim that the way we think, act, and understand our world is rooted in metaphor. Their theory represents shift in the focus on metaphor, taking it from merely poetic substitution to a bold statement regarding human understanding. The theory, then, provides an important application to one of artificial intelligence\u27s main facets: natural language processing. It provides a theory that encompasses broad understanding and context, and it can be computationally modeled, both important aspects to natural language processing. At the same time, a growing field fosters numerous opinions, and there are many fundamental issues about metaphor that remain unresolved. This thesis investigates these two very different sides to the partnership of metaphor and artificial intelligence

Chromosome numbers of Angiosperms from the Juan Fernández Islands, the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago, and from Mainland Chile

Chromosome counts for eight native species in six genera from Juan Fernández Islands, five native species in three genera from Tristan da Cunha, and three species in two genera from mainland Chile are presented and discussed. They include the only chromosome number reports for angiosperms from Tristan da Cunha and first counts for the endemics Robinsonia thurifera and Wahlenbergia larrainii ( Juan Fernández), Agrostis carmichaelii, Acaena sarmentosa, A. stangii, and Nertera holmboei (Tristan da Cunha), and for Galium araucanum and Ourisia coccinea from Chile. Counts for Eryngium bupleuroides and Galium hypocarpium differ from earlier published reports

Hadronic Vacuum Polarization Contribution to g-2 of the Leptons and alpha(M_Z)

We review and compare recent calculations of hadronic vacuum polarization effects. In particular, we consider the anomalous magnetic moments g-2 of the leptons and alpha(M_Z), the effective fine structure constant at the Z--resonance.Comment: 11 pages, 11 postscript figures, uses espcrc2.sty. Postscript version available at http://www.ifh.de/~fjeger/desy-96-121.ps.gz To be published in the proceedings of Zeuthen Workshop on Elementary Particle Theory: QCD and QED in Higher Orders, Rheinsberg, Germany, 21-26 Apr 199

The asparagine-transamidosome from Helicobacter pylori: a dual-kinetic mode in non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA synthetase safeguards the genetic code

Helicobacter pylori catalyzes Asn-tRNAAsn formation by use of the indirect pathway that involves charging of Asp onto tRNAAsn by a non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (ND-AspRS), followed by conversion of the mischarged Asp into Asn by the GatCAB amidotransferase. We show that the partners of asparaginylation assemble into a dynamic Asn-transamidosome, which uses a different strategy than the Gln-transamidosome to prevent the release of the mischarged aminoacyl-tRNA intermediate. The complex is described by gel-filtration, dynamic light scattering and kinetic measurements. Two strategies for asparaginylation are shown: (i) tRNAAsn binds GatCAB first, allowing aminoacylation and immediate transamidation once ND-AspRS joins the complex; (ii) tRNAAsn is bound by ND-AspRS which releases the Asp-tRNAAsn product much slower than the cognate Asp-tRNAAsp; this kinetic peculiarity allows GatCAB to bind and transamidate Asp-tRNAAsn before its release by the ND-AspRS. These results are discussed in the context of the interrelation between the Asn and Gln-transamidosomes which use the same GatCAB in H. pylori, and shed light on a kinetic mechanism that ensures faithful codon reassignment for Asn

Hadronic contributions to (g−2)(g-2) of the leptons and to the effective fine structure constant α(MZ2)\alpha(M_Z^2)

The hadronic contributions to the anomalous magnetic moments of the leptons and to the effective fine structure constant at the Z-mass are reevaluated using all presently available $e^+ e^-$ data.Comment: 36 pages, 11 Postscript figures, available at ftp://129.129.40.58/pub/preprints/vapogm2.ps.g

Konzeption, Simulation und technische Umsetzung neuartiger, mikrostrukturierter LED-Flächenstrahler auf der Basis von Lichtleitern

Die Beleuchtung von Räumen ist in der Architektur und der Energiepolitik ein wichtiges Thema. Dies betrifft vor allem Konzepte, die neues Potential in der architektonischen Gestaltung eröffnen und den Energiebedarf von Gebäuden verbessern. Der Einsatz von mikrostrukturierten, durchsichtigen Flächenstrahlern zur Raumbeleuchtung eröffnet hier neue Möglichkeiten. In dieser Arbeit wird eine solche Leuchte basierend auf dem Konzept lichtleitender Platten entwickelt und hergestellt. Hierzu wird ein Entwicklungsschema entworfen, zu dem Herstellungsverfahren identifiziert und angepasst werden. Die industriell gefertigten Muster werden erfolgreich in eine Fassade integriert, um einen Raum von dort aus indirekt über die Decke zu beleuchten. Für die Charakterisierung des Abstrahlverhaltens und der subjektiven Wahrnehmung der hergestellten mikrostrukturierten Flächenstrahler werden neue Simulations- und Messverfahren entwickelt, die das Optimierungspotential der entwickelten Systeme identifizierbar machen. Darauf aufbauend werden optimierte Flächenstrahler mit hinterschnittenen Mikrostrukturen entworfen und neue Verfahren zu deren Herstellung entwickelt. Eine sozioökologische Einordnung bringt Aufschluss über die Nachhaltigkeit der neuartigen Beleuchtung.Room illumination is an important topic in architecture and energy politics, regarding mainly concepts that introduce new possibilities in design and improvement in energy consumption of a building. Microstructured transparent large area surface emitters open up new potentials in this field. In this work the development and manufacturing of such a luminaire based on the concept of light guiding plates are presented. For this purpose, a development scheme is formulated and feasible manufacturing methods are identified and adapted. The industrially manufactured samples are successfully integrated in a façade to light up the room’s ceiling and thereby realize an indirect room illumination. The out-coupling and subjective perception of the manufactured microstructured surface emitters are characterized by simulations and novel measurement setups developed for this purpose and further to show potential for optimization. Based on findings by this characterization, optimized surface emitters with undercut microstructures and feasible manufacturing methods are invented. A socio-ecological classification gives an outlook on the sustainability of the novel lighting solution

Phylogeny of South African centred plant genus <I>Cotula </I>(Asteraceae)

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Phylogeny of South African centred plant genus <I>Cotula </I>(Asteraceae)

Please help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected] en Dierkund