On the scalability of CFD tool for supersonic jet flow configurations

New regulations are imposing noise emissions limitations for the aviation industry which are pushing researchers and engineers to invest efforts in studying the aeroacoustics phenomena. Following this trend, an in-house computational fluid dynamics tool is build to reproduce high fidelity results of supersonic jet flows for aeroacoustic analogy applications. The solver is written using the large eddy simulation formulation that is discretized using a finite difference approach and an explicit time integration. Numerical simulations of supersonic jet flows are very expensive and demand efficient high-performance computing. Therefore, non-blocking message passage interface protocols and parallel Input/Output features are implemented into the code in order to perform simulations which demand up to one billion grid points. The present work addresses the evaluation of code improvements along with the computational performance of the solver running on a computer with maximum theoretical peak of 2.727 PFlops. Different mesh configurations, whose size varies from a few hundred thousand to approximately one billion grid points, are evaluated in the present paper. Calculations are performed using different workloads in order to assess the strong and weak scalability of the parallel computational tool. Moreover, validation results of a realistic flow condition are also presented in the current work

Growth curves of female nelore and their crosses

Seleção para características do crescimento pode ser feita após ajustadas funções de crescimento para todos os animais sob seleção. Porém, a curva de crescimento de fêmeas é influenciada pelas gestações e lactações subsequentes. Neste trabalho, métodos são descritos para selecionar uma função que ajuste a curva de crescimento de fêmeas bovinas considerando-se os efeitos de variação de peso corporal devido a gestação e a lactação. Foram utilizados dados provenientes do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, constituindo-se de 15.271 observações de pesos de 103 fêmeas, sendo 43 Nelore, 10 F1 Guzerá x Nelore, 29 F1 Red Angus x Nelore, 5 F1 Marchigiana x Nelore e 16 F1 Simental x Nelore. Comparou-se o ajuste das funções de Brody, Gompertz, Logística, Von Bertalanffy e Michaelis-Menten reparametrizada (MMr) aos efeitos do ganho de peso em função da idade, sendo adicionado a todas as funções o ganho de peso durante a gestação e a perda de peso na lactação de fêmeas da raça Nelore e Cruzadas. Ao ajustar as funções, observou-se um Coeficiente de Determinação Múltiplo Ajustado variando entre 0,7552 e 0,9267. Observou-se o menor Quadrado Médio do Resíduo e o Desvio Médio Absoluto para a função de MMr. Para descrição da curva de crescimento em função da idade das fêmeas, deve ser ajustada a função de MMr.Selection for growth characteristics can be done after fitting growth functions for all breeding animals. However, in the female population the growth curve is influenced by gestation and subsequent lactations. In this work methods are described to select a function that fits a growth curve of bovine females considering the varying effects of body weight due to gestation and lactation. Data from the Paraná Agronomic Institute (IAPAR) were used consisting of 15.271 weight observations of 103 females distributed as 43 Nelore, 10 F1 Guzerá x Nelore, 29 F1 Red Angus x Nelore, 5 F1 Marchigiana x Nelore and 16 F1 Simental x Nelore. The function adjustment of Brody, Gompertz, Logística, Von Bertalanffy and Michaelis-Menten reparametrized MMr were compared to the effects of weight gain as a function of age, adding to all functions the weight gain during gestation and the weight loss in the lactation of Nelore and crossbreed females. It was observed an Adjusted Coefficient of Multiple Determination varying from 0.7552 to 0.9267. Lower Residue Mean Square and Absolute Mean Deviation were observed for the MMr function. The MMr function must be adjusted in order to describe the growth curve as a function of the female age

Strong scaling of numerical solver for supersonic jet flow configurations

International audienceAcoustics loads are rocket design constraints which push researches and engineers to invest efforts in the aeroacousticsphenomena which is present on launch vehicles. Therefore, an in-house computational fluid dynamics tool is developed inorder to reproduce high-fidelity results of supersonic jet flows for aeroacoustic analogy applications. The solver is writtenusing the large eddy simulation formulation that is discretized using a finite-difference approach and an explicit time integration.Numerical simulations of supersonic jet flows are very expensive and demand efficient high-performance computing.Therefore, non-blocking message passage interface protocols and parallel input/output features are implemented into thecode in order to perform simulations which demand up to one billion degrees of freedom. The present work evaluates theparallel efficiency of the solver when running on a supercomputer with a maximum theoretical peak of 127.4 TFLOPS.Speedup curves are generated using nine different workloads. Moreover, the validation results of a realistic flow conditionare also presented in the current work

Alternative Models in Genetic Analyses of Carcass Traits Measured by Ultrasonography in Guzerá cattle: A Bayesian Approach

The objective was to study alternative models for genetic analyses of carcass traits assessed by ultrasonography in Guzerá cattle. Data from 947 measurements (655 animals) of Rib-eye area (REA), rump fat thickness (RFT) and backfat thickness (BFT) were used. Finite polygenic models (FPM), infinitesimal polygenic models (IPM) and FPM combined with IPM (IPM + FPM) were empirically tested, adjusting for the effects of permanent environment, age and weight at measurement and the contemporary group. A Bayesian analysis using the computer package FlexQTLTM was adopted. The combined model adjusted to the data, allowing reliable genetic analyses of REA and BFT. For the RFT, the IPM model was the only one to have convergence and, in this case, the trait should be analyzed by a polygenic model. The presence of up to three major genes (MGs) controlling the expression of REA and two MGs for BFT was detected. The additive genetic action was over dominance to REA, and for BFT the dominance genetic action was greater. Heritability estimates, and respective standard error, adjusted for the combined model to REA were 0.15 (0.00025) for the polygenic fraction and 0.10 (0.00019) for the oligogenic fraction; for BFT was 0.19 (0.00027) and 0.13 (0.00025), respectively. Heritability of 0.17 (0.00028) was estimated for RFT when the model was adjusted to IPM. There are major genes segregating within the population studied for REA and BFT traits, thus, their genetic analyses must be studied considering oligogenic effects. The major gene effects detected for a small number of genes, may possibly help to increase the reliability in detecting chromosomal regions that explain and control the phenotypic expression of these traits, facilitating research on detection and validation of molecular markers in this population

Sodium Chloride Crystallization by Electric Discharge in Brine

<div><p>Electrical discharges in liquids are currently used to synthesize nanoparticles. The plasma-liquid interaction is complex, where parameters such as electric field, ion charges and other species present are important. In order to understand the mechanism of crystallization, mother liquor (saturated solution of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl) was used to study the effectiveness and selectivity of the crystallization caused by the application of plasma. Discharge was applied with the solution at room temperature or during cooling. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and chemical analysis was used to evaluate the structure and composition effects on crystal structure and composition. It was observed that the discharge induces selectively crystallization, and when compared to crystals obtained conventionally by cooling, were smaller and more uniform. We therefore confirm that plasma in liquid can also be used to selectively crystallize materials in atmospheric pressure, where the sizes of the crystals must be dependent on the parameters used.</p></div

Novas funções para estimar a produção de leite, em 305 dias de lactação, de vacas da raça Gir New functions to estimate 305-days milk production of Gir cows

Os objetivos neste estudo foram, a partir da forma generalizada da função de Michaelis-Menten, derivar novas funções, acumulada e diária, para estimar a produção de leite, em 305 dias de lactação, de vacas da raça Gir, usando informações de produção de leite no dia do controle leiteiro. Foram utilizadas 7.412 lactações de 3.416 vacas da raça Gir com partos entre 1987 e 2004, distribuídos em 51 rebanhos participantes do Programa Nacional de Melhoramento Genético do Gir Leiteiro, coordenado pela Embrapa Gado de Leite e pela Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Gir Leiteiro. Foram ajustados os modelos para as subclasses nível de produção (Alto > 2.628 kg de leite na lactação; Baixo <2.628 kg de leite na lactação), estação de parição (Seca e Águas) e ordem de parição (OP 1 a 5 e >5). Os valores do desvio-padrão residual variaram de 0,131 a 0,984, os do Coeficiente de Determinação (R²) foram próximos de 1 e de Durbin-Watsom foram próximos de 2. A estatística de Theil (U) apresentou valores de U M e U V próximos de 0 e de U C próximos de 1, sugerindo acurácia das estimativas. Estes resultados indicam bom ajuste da função. A persistência da lactação relaciona-se ao parâmetro d e o tempo de ocorrência do pico da lactação se relaciona simultaneamente com os parâmetros d e n. Então, as novas funções ajustam-se bem a lactações de vacas da raça Gir e são caracterizadas pela simplicidade no procedimento de ajuste, pela facilidade de interpretação biológica dos parâmetros e pela flexibilidade, ou seja, é possível obter a função acumulada a partir da função diária. As novas funções apresentam-se como funções alternativas para projetar lactações não encerradas e podem ser utilizadas na avaliação genética de animais em programas de melhoramento genético.<br>This study aimed to calculate new accumulated and daily functions based on the Michaelis-Menten equation to estimate the 305-days production of Gir cows using test day milk yields. Data consisted of 7,412 lactation records of 3,416 Gir cows (Bos indicus) collected from 1987 to 2004 in 51 herds assisted by the National Breeding Program of the Dairy Gir, coordinated by the Dairy Cattle National Research Center (EMBRAPA) and the Brazilian Association of Dairy Gir Breeders (ABCGIL). The models included the effects of herd milk production (High and Low), calving season (dry e rainy) and parity order (OP 1 to 5 and > 5). Residual Standard Deviation values ranged from 0.131 to 0.z984. Estimates for the Coefficient of Determination (R²) were close to one and for the Durbin-Watson coefficient were close to two. Values of statistics of Theil (U) were close to zero for U M and U V and close to one for U C suggesting a good fitting for the function. The persistency of milk yield is related to the parameter d and the time of the pick yield is related to both parameters d and n. The new functions are characterized by simplicity of the fitting procedure, biological interpretability of the parameters and flexibility to convert the daily function to the accumulated function. The new functions are an alternative to project lactations with records in progress to estimate the production required in genetic evaluation systems based on 305-day milk production records

Posição da folha e estádio fenológico do ramo para análise foliar do pinhão-manso Leaf position and phenological stage of branch for leaf analysis of Jatropha plants

A análise foliar é uma ferramenta imprescindível na predição de possíveis desordens nutricionais e avaliação do estádio nutricional das plantas. Este procedimento só é efetivo se a amostragem for feita com padronização da posição da folha no ramo e do tipo de ramo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho definir a posição da folha no ramo e o tipo de ramo mais apropriado para diagnosticar o estádio nutricional de plantas de pinhão-manso. O ensaio consistiu de uma combinação fatorial (5 x 2), com cinco posições da folha no ramo (1º, 2º, 3º, 5º e 10º nós do ramo do ápice para a base) e dois tipos de ramo (vegetativo ou florífero) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Cada amostra de folha foi colhida em 4 ramos secundários de 20 plantas na fase de florescimento. As folhas das posições 2 e 3 são as mais adequadas para análise foliar de N, P, K, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, pois apresentam valores médios mais estáveis quando comparadas com as demais posições estudadas. As folhas nas posições 5 ou 10 são mais apropriadas para avaliação de Ca e Mg. O estádio fenológico do ramo não influencia os teores de nutrientes, exceto de Cu e Fe.<br>Leaf analysis is an important tool for prediction of nutritional disorders and evaluation of nutritional status of plants. This procedure only can be effective if samples are standardized regarding leaf position and phenological stage of the branch. This study had the objective of defining the most appropriate leaf position and type of branch for nutritional diagnosis of Jatropha plants. A factorial combination of five leaf positions (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 10th node from apex to base) and two types of branch (vegetative and flowering) was adopted in a completely randomized design with four replications. Each leaf sample was collected in 4 secondary branches of 20 plants in the flowering phase. Leaves in the position 2 and 3 are the most adequate for analyzing N, P, K, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, because they present mean values more stable when compared to the other studied positions. Leaves in the position 5 and 10 are more adequate for analyzing Ca and Mg. The phenological stage of the branch does not influence nutrient content, except of Cu and Fe