Disease-associated modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Adult neurogenesis has been the focus of over 1500 articles in the past 10 years. Evidence for the continuous production of new neurons in the adult brain has raised hopes for new therapeutic approaches. On the other hand, the generation of new neurons is modulated in several neurological diseases and disorders, suggesting the involvement of the adult neurogenesis in their pathogenesis. Therefore, a better understanding of the disease-associated modulation of adult neurogenesis is essential for determining the most effective therapeutic strategy. The purpose of this doctoral project was to investigate long-term adult hippocampal neurogenesis changes in two disease models. BrdU labeling in combination with various cellular markers, and genetic fate-mapping approach were used to reach this goal. In the first experiment, the impact of the BeAN strain of the Theiler’s virus on hippocampal cell proliferation and neuronal progenitors was evaluated in two mouse strains which differ in the disease course. It was shown that Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus can exert delayed effects on the hippocampal neurogenesis with long-term changes evident 90 days following the infection. The hippocampal changes proved to depend on strain susceptibility and might have been affected by microglial cells. In the second experiment, hippocampal neurogenesis was analyzed based on genetic fate mapping of transgenic animals in the amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy. The number of new granule neurons added to the dentate gyrus was increased in kindled animals. A prior seizure history proved to be sufficient to induce a long-term net effect on neuron addition and an ongoing occurrence of seizures did not further increase the number of new neurons. Hypertrophic astrocytes were observed in the kindled animals suggesting that seizures result in structural changes of astrocytes that could be detected long after the termination of the insults. The results of the experiments indicated the importance of methodological considerations in chronic studies of neurogenesis

Disease-associated modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Adult neurogenesis has been the focus of over 1500 articles in the past 10 years. Evidence for the continuous production of new neurons in the adult brain has raised hopes for new therapeutic approaches. On the other hand, the generation of new neurons is modulated in several neurological diseases and disorders, suggesting the involvement of the adult neurogenesis in their pathogenesis. Therefore, a better understanding of the disease-associated modulation of adult neurogenesis is essential for determining the most effective therapeutic strategy. The purpose of this doctoral project was to investigate long-term adult hippocampal neurogenesis changes in two disease models. BrdU labeling in combination with various cellular markers, and genetic fate-mapping approach were used to reach this goal. In the first experiment, the impact of the BeAN strain of the Theiler’s virus on hippocampal cell proliferation and neuronal progenitors was evaluated in two mouse strains which differ in the disease course. It was shown that Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus can exert delayed effects on the hippocampal neurogenesis with long-term changes evident 90 days following the infection. The hippocampal changes proved to depend on strain susceptibility and might have been affected by microglial cells. In the second experiment, hippocampal neurogenesis was analyzed based on genetic fate mapping of transgenic animals in the amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy. The number of new granule neurons added to the dentate gyrus was increased in kindled animals. A prior seizure history proved to be sufficient to induce a long-term net effect on neuron addition and an ongoing occurrence of seizures did not further increase the number of new neurons. Hypertrophic astrocytes were observed in the kindled animals suggesting that seizures result in structural changes of astrocytes that could be detected long after the termination of the insults. The results of the experiments indicated the importance of methodological considerations in chronic studies of neurogenesis

Health Tourism: Opportunities, Constraints, Obstacles and Solutions

Tourism is an economic activity which, because of its special features, creates the possibility of using natural resources for all nations of the world, regardless of their level of development. In the industry classification, tourism is the third largest industry in the world after the oil and automobile industries. According to a UN report, one of the most important tools of economic development and income generation is the tourism industry. Statistics indicate that 750,000 American tourists have traveled outside their country to receive medical treatment. Other statistics show that about 40 percent of the health sector income is obtained from health tourism, and statistical estimates represent that the income earned from health tourism in the world will be a trillion, five hundred and ninety million dollars in 2020. Recently, health tourism in its three forms of wellness tourism, medical tourism, and curative tourism has become very popular for various reasons, including the high costs of living in industrialized countries, the considerable and high time of responsiveness and accountability of these countries' healthcare systems, and the existence of rich natural resources in other countries. Compared with other countries in the region, Iran can become a country suitable for health tourism, because it has high ecological diversity and the nature of the four seasons, rich and abundant natural resources, mineral water springs, skilled and experienced physicians and nurses, and affordable and low cost healthcare services

Medical Errors Disclosure: Is It Good or Bad?

Background: In the treatment and health process, there are a lot of dangers to patients, and the increased number of medical errors is one of the most important circumstances of this process. Objective: The present research purposed to decrease medical errors through disclosure of them in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This qualitative-quantitative study included a population of 232 individuals, selected through targeted non-random selection, who were somehow connected with medical errors made in hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The triangulation technique was utilized to collect data. Data was analyzed using the factor analysis technique. After the effective factors were determined, their internal correlation was determined through regression correlation. Results: Disclosure is made up of organizational culture, the factors related to the patient, the factors related to the presenter, the factors involved in the error, structural factors, and disclosure situation indexes, and is an effective factor in managing the medical errors in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Disclosure increases the immunity of patients. Conclusion: Disclosure is an effective factor in managing the medical errors that occur at hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences. It is essential that managers identify the effective factors in disclosure and take steps to apply a suitable disclosure system to decrease errors

The normoglycemic first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have low circulating omentin-1 and adiponectin levels

Objective: It has been suggested that adipose-derived cytokines act as insulin sensitizers/insulin-mimetics and some others may induce insulin resistance. In order to elucidate the potential role of novel adipocytokines in the pre-diabetes states, circulating levels of novel adipocytokines were evaluated in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FDRs). Method: Serum omentin-1, adiponectin and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels were measured in 179 subjects (90 glucose tolerant FDRs and 89 age- and sex-matched healthy controls) using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding serum RBP4 concentrations. However, serum omentin-1 (median [interquartile range], 6.18 [4.06–11.52] ng/ml versus 10.50 [4.30– 20.60] ng/ml, p = 0.004) and adiponectin (mean ± SD, 10.07 ± 4.0 lg/ml versus 20.66 ± 8.12 lg/ml, p < 0.0001) levels were significantly lower in FDRs when compared with the controls. In multiple logistic regression analysis, FDRs showed a significant association with lower circulating omentin-1 and adiponectin levels, even after adjustments were made for age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure measures, and biochemical parameters including glucose status, lipid profile, insulin levels and HOMA-IR (OR = 0.49, CI [0.30–0.79]; p = 0.004 and OR = 0.74, CI [0.67–0.82]; p < 0.0001, respectively). However, FDRs did not show a significant association with serum RBP4 levels in different models of regression analyses. Conclusions: The FDRs showed significant associations with lower omentin-1 and adiponectin levels. A potential role for these adipokines in the FDRs’ increased risk of diabetes needs to be further elucidated

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. Dr Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management of Kuwait University and the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Dr Bhaskar acknowledges institutional support from the NSW Ministry of Health and NSW Health Pathology. Dr Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Dr Braithwaite acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health/ National Cancer Institute. Dr Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council ERC Starting Grant agreement No 848325. Dr Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP under the Norma Transitória grant DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Dr Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). Dr Glasbey is supported by a National Institute of Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship. Dr Vivek Kumar Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council Australia. Dr Haque thanks Jazan University, Saudi Arabia for providing access to the Saudi Digital Library for this research study. Drs Herteliu, Pana, and Ausloos are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Dr Hugo received support from the Higher Education Improvement Coordination of the Brazilian Ministry of Education for a sabbatical period at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, between September 2019 and August 2020. Dr Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges funding by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Fellowship and National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship. Dr Jakovljevic acknowledges support through grant OI 175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). Dr Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh. Dr Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Dr Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación, which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Dr Loureiro was supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under the Scientific Employment Stimulus–Institutional Call (CEECINST/00049/2018). Dr Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Dr Moosavi appreciates NIGEB's support. Dr Pati acknowledges support from the SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research. Dr Rakovac acknowledges a grant from the government of the Russian Federation in the context of World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases Office. Dr Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Dr Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Drs Adithi Shetty and Unnikrishnan acknowledge support given by Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Pavanchand H. Shetty acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education for their research support. Dr Diego Augusto Santos Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq (302028/2018-8). Dr Zhu acknowledges the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas grant RP210042

The role of urban furniture in the mental health of the elders in regions 1 and 2 of North of Tehran and regions 19 and 20 of South of Tehran

Aim: This study was designed with the aim of investigating the role of urban furniture in the mental health of elders in regions 1 and 2 of North of Tehran and also regions 19 and 20 of South of Tehran. Subjects and Methods: Survey method is descriptive as well as correlation and survey sample includes 400 women and men of 65 or older form 1 and 2 regions of North Tehran and 19 and 20 of South of Tehran have been chosen according cluster and multi-stage random sampling methods. The required information was collected with the man-made questionnaire of urban furniture and questionnaire of mental health of Goldberg and Hiller. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics such as regression and t-test. Results: The results showed that the constituent elements of urban furniture, such as design and installation of elements of urban furniture, paint and beautify, sampling, uniformity, and coordination of components have a significant and positive effect on elder's mental health. Conclusions: Regarding the results of this study about effects of urban furniture on mental health of elders, it is essential for practitioners in the field of urban management to consider such points and also for policy makers to make a proper schedule to improve the culture and attitudes and take effective steps in this direction to increase the level of mental health and in particular, help the elder's lifestyle

Authentic Leadership: New Approach for Intelligent Hospital

Background: The authentic leadership is a kind of behavioral pattern of leadership based on ethical perspectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between authentic leadership and organizational intelligence in Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah. Methods: This research endeavor was an applied and correlational study. 291 participants from Emam Reza hospital were selected by random sampling. Data collected by using 2 standard questionnaires (Gardner et al. for authentic leadership) and (Albrecht for organizational intelligence). Data from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 21. In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used. Results: The results showed that there is a positive correlation between authentic leadership and organizational intelligence (r = 0.525, p < 0.001) and using this style promotes the organizational intelligence. Conclusion: Applying the authentic leadership style can improve the organizational intelligence. &nbsp