An equivalent condition to the Jensen inequality for the generalized Sugeno integral.

For the classical Jensen inequality of convex functions, i.e., [Formula: see text] an equivalent condition is proved in the framework of the generalized Sugeno integral. Also, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of the discrete form of the Jensen inequality for the generalized Sugeno integral are given

CSR : une extension hiérarchique adaptative du protocole de routage ad hoc DSR

La facilité de déploiement des réseaux ad hoc s'avère utile lorsque la mise en place d'une infrastucture est impossible. L'objectif du routage est de trouver les chemins tout en considérant les contraintes de bande passante et de dynamicité de la topologie. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'adaptation du type de routage selon les conditions de mobilité et de densité du réseau. Nous proposons une méthode d'auto-adaptation du mode de routage en fonction de la mobilité et de la densité. Les métriques de mobilité et de densité, les modes de routages ainsi que les transitions entre les modes ont été définis. Nous avons montré la faisabilité de notre méthode en proposant une extension hiérarchique du protocole plat DSR que nous avons nommée CSR. Nous avons spécifié les procédures CSR et les avons implantée sous ns2. Nous avons mené une étude de performances du CSR en le comparant aux protocoles préconisés par l'IETF pour montrer l'intérêt de l'adaptation du mode de routage. ABSTRACT : Ad hoc network are useful when the set up of an architecture is impossible. Routing aims at finding paths while considering the constraints of bandwidth and dynamicity of the topology. In this thesis, we focus on the routing mode adaptation according to mobility and density conditions in the network. We propose a routing auto-adaptation method according to mobility and density conditions. Mobility and density metrics , routing modes and transitions between modes have been defined. We point out the feasibility of our method through the design of an adaptive hierarchical extension of the flat routing protocol DSR we have named CSR. We have specified CSR procedures and fully implemented them under the ns2 environment tool. We have carried out a performace comparison between CSR and the protocols recommended by the IETF to point out the interest of routing adapatatio

Subcritical crack growth in freestanding silicon nitride and silicon dioxide thin films using residual stress-induced crack on-chip testing technique

Thin film materials are ubiquitous in a large number of applications like flexible electronics, microelectromechanical / nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and functional coatings. In the present work, a new mechanical testing method on a chip is developed to characterize the fracture behavior of freestanding thin films. This on-chip technique is based on the residual stress inside what is called here actuator material. Two beams are fabricated with the actuator film and attached to a specimen, incorporating a notch induced by lithography. The residual stress upon release by chemical etching leads to the actuator contraction, hence pulling on the central notched specimen. A crack is initiated at the notch tip, propagates and finally stops when the energy release rate has decreased down to its critical value. This crack arrest measurement avoids the problem of introducing a sufficiently sharp precrack. Besides, using a freestanding film leads to extract the real intrinsic fracture resistance of the film without any substrate effect. By tracking the crack length growth over different time intervals as well as environments using this crack on-chip testing method, the subcritical crack growth mechanisms can be investigated without monopolizing any test equipment. Thin film materials that are showing time-dependent failure are used in numerous devices that its reliability is determined by the understanding of the mechanisms causing the subcritical crack growth. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) silicon nitride (SiN) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) films deposited by electron beam-evaporation technique are studied with a variety of thicknesses. The specimens are tested in laboratory air and dry nitrogen environments under various temperature conditions. The stress intensity factor (K) and the crack velocity (v); K-v curve in different environments is determined based on both experimental data and finite element simulation results (FE), following classical exponential law

Utilisation Des Indices De Qualité Et De Pollution Organique Dans L’évaluation De La Qualité PhysicoChimique Des Eaux Superficielles Des Oueds Moulouya et Ansegmir (Haute Moulouya, NE Du Maroc)

Surface water is subject to strong anthropogenic pressures caused by the development and extension of agricultural activities and also by industrial and domestic activities. Pollution is a serious problem for the environment due to discharges dumped into rivers and excessive use of agricultural fertilizers and discharges from urban and industrial sources. The objective of this study is to assess the quality and state of organic pollution in surface water in Upper Moulouya based on the water quality index (WQI) and the organic pollution index (IPO) during three sampling campaigns carried out between March and August of 2014. Ten stations were studied along the Moulouya and Ansegmir wadis up to the Hassan II dam. The results are visualized through the use of GIS through the production of thematic maps. They revealed that the majority of stations indicate excellent water quality and show no organic pollution with the exception of Boumia (M5) and Zaida (M6) stations which respectively have poor quality water and low pollution. at Boumia and non-drinking water with strong organic pollution at Zaida. This anthropogenic environmental degradation recorded downstream of the two urban communes would come from the use of nitrogen and phosphate agricultural fertilizers and above all from the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater from these two communes. The seasonal variation remains discreet and reflects a slight tendency towards degradation of the waters of the Upper Moulouya during the low waters of the summer period Les eaux superficielles sont soumises à de fortes pressions anthropiques suscitées par le développement et l’extension des activités agricoles et également par les activités industrielles et domestiques. La pollution est un grand problème pour l’environnement en raison des rejets déversés dans les rivières et de l’utilisation excessive des fertilisants agricoles et des rejets d’origine urbaine et industrielle. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la qualité et l'état de la pollution organique des eaux superficielles la Haut Moulouya en se basant sur l’indice de qualité de l’eau (IQE) et l’indice de pollution organique (IPO) durant trois campagnes de prélèvement effectuées  entre les mois de mars et août de l’année 2014. Dix stations ont été étudiées le entre les mois de mars et août de l’année 2014. Dix stations ont été étudiées le long des oueds Moulouya et Ansegmir jusqu’à l’amont du barrage Hassan II. Les résultats sont visualisés par l’utilisation des SIG via la réalisation de cartes thématiques. Ils ont révélé que la majorité des stations indiquent une excellente qualité d’eau et ne présentent aucune pollution organique à l’exception des stations de Boumia (M5) et de Zaida (M6) qui présentent respectivement des eaux de mauvaise qualité et une faible pollution au niveau de Boumia et des eaux non potables avec forte pollution organique au niveau de Zaida. Cette dégradation environnementale anthropique enregistrée en aval des deux communes urbaines proviendrait de l’utilisation d'engrais agricoles azotés et phosphatés et surtout des rejets d’eaux usées domestiques et industrielles non traitées de ces deux communes. La variation saisonnière reste discrète et traduit une légère tendance à la dégradation des eaux de la Haute Moulouya pendant les basses eaux de la période estivale

Calcul De L’indice De Qualité De L’eau (IQE) Pour L’évaluation De La Qualité Physico-Chimique Des Eaux Superficielles De L’Oued Moulouya (NE, Maroc)

L’indice de qualité de l'eau (IQE) est une expression numérique utilisée pour évaluer la qualité globale de l'eau à partir d’une grande quantité de données et il est facilement compris par les gestionnaires et décideurs. Dans cette étude, l’IQE à neuf paramètres physico-chimiques(pH, T°C, CE, O_diss, NH4, NO3, SO4, PO4 et DBO5) est utilisé pour évaluer la qualité globale des eaux superficielles de l’Oued Moulouya dans le Nord Est du Maroc pendant la période de mars à aout 2014. Vingt-deux sites ont été étudiés depuis l’amont de l’oued dans le Haut Atlas jusqu’à l’embouchure en Méditerranée sur environ 600 km de long. En amont dans la Haute Moulouya, la qualité des eaux reste excellente sans grande variation saisonnière excepté les sites au niveau des communes urbaines de Boumia et de Zaida où la qualité est respectivement mauvaise (IQE de 65 à 74) et non potable (IQE de 388 à 584). Dans la Moyenne et Basse Moulouya, la qualité des eaux diminue (IQE de 18 à 335) en allant d’excellente à non potable pendant l’hiver et le printemps et de bonne à non potable pendant l’été (IQE de 23 à 451). La dégradation de la qualité des eaux au niveau des communes de Boumia, Zaida, Missour et Gercif peut être due aux activités agricoles et aux rejets des eaux usées urbaines de ces agglomérations situées le long de l’oued. De façon saisonnière, la qualité de l'eau diminue de l'hiver à l'été en relation avec les variations des débits. De ce fait, la priorité doit être donnée à la réduction de ces sources de pollution afin de protéger les ressources en eau et d'améliorer la qualité de l'eau dans le bassin versant. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is a numerical expression used to assess the overall water quality from a large amount of data and to be easily understood by managers and decision-makers. In this study, the WQI with nine physicochemical parameters (pH, T °C, CE, O_diss, NH4, NO3, SO4, PO4 and BOD5) was used to evaluate the overall quality of the surface waters of the Moulouya River in the northeastern of Morocco during the period from March to August 2014. Twenty-two sites were studied from upstream of the wadi in the High Atlas to the mouth in the Mediterranean Sea about 600 km long. Upstream in the Upper Moulouya, water quality remains excellent with little seasonal variation except in the urban communes of Boumia and Zaida where the quality is respectively poor (WQI from 65 to 74) to non-potable (WQI from 388 to 584). In the Middle and Lower Moulouya, the quality of water decreases (WQI from 18 to 335) and varies between excellent, good, bad and not drinkable during the winter and the spring and between good, bad and not drinkable during the summer (WQI from 23 to 451). The deterioration of water quality in the communes of Boumia, Zaida, Missour and Gercif is due to agricultural activities and discharges of urban wastewater from these agglomerations located along the wadi. Seasonally, water quality has decreased from winter to summer, probably in relation to flow variations. As such, priority should be given to reducing these sources of pollution in order to protect water resources and improve water quality in the watershed

Determination of lethal range and median lethal concentration (LC50 96h) values of diazinon on Caspian Sea common bream (Abramis brama)

Pesticides are environmental contaminants which normally enter to aquatic ecosystems after being used in aquaculture. In this research, acute toxicity of diazinon was studied on Caspian Sea common bream (Abramis brama). This pesticide may enter in aquatic food chain and cause serious problems for aquatic organisms as well as human. The acute toxicity test was performed during 96h in static renewal system based on the standard method proposed by OECD. A range finding test was carried out in aquariums containing 10L of test solution to determine the lethal range of diazinon on fish. The acute toxicity test was then preformed in 5 treatments and 3 triplicates for each treatment. Obtained data were analyzed using probit analysis with %5 confidence limit. According to the results, LC_50 24h, LC_50 48h, LC_50 72h and LC_50 96h of diazinon on Caspian Sea common bream was 10.974, 10.391, 9.134 and 7.316 respectively. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of diazinon on Caspian Sea common bream was 0.073 mg/l and the lowest observed effect concentration which is equal to LC_50 96h was 2.63 mg/l. According to the results and comparing with other studies, it can be discussed that Caspian Sea common bream is more resistant against diazinon rather than other fish species. In addition, lethal toxicity of diazinon takes place in a moderate range of toxicant concentrations

Effect of annealing on mechanical properties and thermal stability of ZrCu/O nanocomposite amorphous films synthetized by pulsed laser deposition

Binary ZrCu nanocomposite amorphous films are synthetized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) under vacuum (2 × 10−3 Pa) and 10 Pa He pressure, leading to fully amorphous compact and nanogranular morphologies, respectively. Then, post-thermal annealing treatments are carried out to explore thermal stability and crystallization phenomena together with the evolution of mechanical properties. Compact films exhibit larger thermal stability with partial crystallization phenomena starting at 420 °C, still to be completed at 550 °C, while nanogranular films exhibit early-stage crystallization at 300 °C and completed at 485 °C. The microstructural differences are related to a distinct evolution of mechanical properties and residual stress, with compact TFMGs showing the highest values of Young’s modulus (157 GPa), hardness (12 GPa), strain rate sensitivity (0.096), and local residual stress (+691 MPa) upon annealing at 550 °C, while nanogranular films reach the maximum values of mechanical properties at 485 °C followed by relaxation at higher temperatures due to complete crystallization. We show that PLD in combination with post-thermal annealing can generate different families of amorphous films with varying nanoscale morphologies, resulting in tunable mechanical properties and thermal stability, which can thus be used for designing novel film configurations for different fields of application

Generated rules for AIDS and e-learning classifier using rough set approach

The emergence and growth of internet usage has accumulated an extensive amount of data. These data contain a wealth of undiscovered valuable information and problems of incomplete data set may lead to observation error. This research explored a technique to analyze data that transforms meaningless data to meaningful information. The work focused on Rough Set (RS) to deal with incomplete data and rules derivation. Rules with high and low left-hand-side (LHS) support value generated by RS were used as query statements to form a cluster of data. The model was tested on AIDS blog data set consisting of 146 bloggers and E-Learning@UTM (EL) log data set comprising 23105 URLs. 5-fold and 10-fold cross validation were used to split the data. Naïve algorithm and Boolean algorithm as discretization techniques and Johnson’s algorithm (Johnson) and Genetic algorithm (GA) as reduction techniques were employed to compare the results. 5-fold cross validation tended to suit AIDS data well while 10-fold cross validation was the best for EL data set. Johnson and GA yielded the same number of rules for both data sets. These findings are significant as evidence in terms of accuracy that was achieved using the proposed mode

BRAFV600E hot spot mutation in thyroid carcinomas: first Moroccan experience from a single-institution retrospective study

Background: The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. BRAFV600E mutation is described to be associated with a worse prognostic of thyroid carcinomas, as well as extrathyroidal invasion and increased mortality. Objective: To our knowledge, there are no reported studies neither from Morocco nor from other Maghreb countries regarding the prevalence of BRAFV600E mutation in thyroid carcinomas. Here we aim to evaluate the frequency of BRAFV600E oncogene in Moroccan thyroid carcinomas. Methods: In this Single-Institution retrospective study realized in the Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service in the Military Hospital of Instruction Mohammed V \u2018HMIMV\u2019 in Rabat, we report, using direct genomic sequencing, the assessment of BRAFV600E in 37 thyroid tumors. Results: We detected BRAFV600E mutation exclusively in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas \u2018PTC\u2019 with a prevalence of 28% (8 PTC out 29 PTC). Like international trends, Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas \u2019PTC\u2019 is more frequent than Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas \u2018FTC\u2019 and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas \u2018ATC\u2019 (29 PTC, 7 FTC and 1 ATC). Conclusion: Our finding gives to the international community the first estimated incidence of this oncogene in Morocco showing that this prevalence falls within the range of international trends (30% to 90%) reported in distinct worldwide geographic regions

Crack-on-chip : a nanomechanical test method to determine the fracture toughness of thin films and 2D materials

The control and characterization of the fracture behavior of thin films and 2D materials, in the era of continuous device miniaturization, are of paramount importance for the design and integrity assessment of many coatings and microelectronics devices towards more reliable devices. However, the available test methods suffer from many limitations mainly when the film rests on a substrate due to different constraints that are difficult to deconvolute and or with the introduction of an initial sharp precrack in freestanding configurations. In this context, the objective of this research is to develop a robust on-chip fracture technique for freestanding thin films and 2D materials. This crack-on-chip method consists of actuator beams produced by lithography undergoing large internal stress attached to a notched specimen beam. Both actuators and specimens are deposited on top of a Si substrate. The etching of a part of this substrate induces the release of the test structure, with the actuators then contracting and pulling on the test specimen. If the applied displacement is large enough, a crack initiates at the notch root and propagates. The design has been selected such as to involve a decrease of the crack driving force after some amount of crack growth leading to crack arrest, avoiding the problem of notch opening of the precrack. The technique can also be used to investigate the environmentally-assisted cracking in thin-film materials. The fracture toughness of SiO2 (142 nm), SiN (50 nm), Al2O3 (190 nm), and CVD-grown monolayer graphene was extracted. It was found that Al2O3 films are more prone to subcritical aging compared to SiN, while simultaneously exhibiting larger resistance to environmental cracking than thermally-grown SiO2 films. For single-layer graphene, fracture strain, Young’s modulus, strength, and Weibull modulus were determined with, for the first time, statistically representative data.(FSA - Sciences de l'ingénieur) -- UCL, 202