53 research outputs found
Pourquoi questionner les partenariats à Médecins du Monde ?
Dans un monde globalisĂ©, multipolaire et mĂ©diatisĂ©, les interactions dâune ONG comme MĂ©decins du Monde (MDM) avec les institutions et organisations avec lesquelles elle agit la dĂ©finissent tout autant que le contenu de ses programmes. PoussĂ©s par la double exigence de nos valeurs et de lâĂ©volution des contextes, nous questionnons en permanence notre relation Ă nos partenaires de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile au mĂȘme titre que nos pratiques mĂ©dicales, financiĂšres, de communication ou nos relations avec les gouvernements ou les forces armĂ©es en prĂ©sence. Surtout, questionner nos partenariats, câest, au-delĂ de nos actions, rĂ©interroger notre perception de lâaltĂ©ritĂ©
Pourquoi questionner les partenariats à Médecins du Monde ?
Dans un monde globalisĂ©, multipolaire et mĂ©diatisĂ©, les interactions dâune ONG comme MĂ©decins du Monde (MDM) avec les institutions et organisations avec lesquelles elle agit la dĂ©finissent tout autant que le contenu de ses programmes. PoussĂ©s par la double exigence de nos valeurs et de lâĂ©volution des contextes, nous questionnons en permanence notre relation Ă nos partenaires de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile au mĂȘme titre que nos pratiques mĂ©dicales, financiĂšres, de communication ou nos relations avec les gouvernements ou les forces armĂ©es en prĂ©sence. Surtout, questionner nos partenariats, câest, au-delĂ de nos actions, rĂ©interroger notre perception de lâaltĂ©ritĂ©
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Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9â27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6â16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2â1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4â1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3â3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat
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Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake
Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9â27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6â16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2â1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4â1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3â3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat
Rupture par clivage des aciers inoxydables ferritiques 18Cr-2Mo : influence de la précipitation et de la taille des grains
Among stainless steel grades, ferritic stainless steels are used in many applications thanks to their corrosion resistance and attractive properties such as their thermal conductivity and ferromagnetic properties. Their residual nickel content make them economical steels compared to austenitic steels, which are more heavily produced. However, the use of this family of steels is limited by its relatively low toughness at room temperature and below, coming from the lattice friction of the body centered cubic structure that hinders plastic flow. Precipitation and grain size are two microstructural parameters that influence the ductile to brittle transition temperature of ferritic steels. The objective of this thesis is to study and understand the effect of these parameters on the ductile to brittle transition temperature and on the cleavage fracture of ferritic stainless steels containing 18% chromium and 2% molybdenum.To do so, three castings were produced with the same carbon and nitrogen content. Titanium or niobium were added to two of them. Thermomechanical treatments were chosen to produce six different microstructures for which the grain size, the nature and the location of the precipitation and the carbon and nitrogen content in solid solution vary. These microstructures are characterized by optical and electron microscopies and small-angle neutron scattering. The implementation of a tensile test with notched round specimens allows the determination of the cleavage fracture stress of each microstructure at 20 ° C and -40 ° C and discuss the brittle fracture mechanisms.The microstructures developed are finally divided into two groups. For Ti, Nb and NbG microstructures, for which the addition of titanium or niobium prevents the precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides, the cleavage critical stress is dependent on the size and morphology of the intragranular particles. The 4 to 5 ”m long cubic Ti (N, C) make the Ti microstructure more brittle than the Nb microstructure characterized by more numerous but smaller Nb (C, N). The grain size is a second order parameter on the cleavage fracture stress of these microstructures as shown by the study of the brittle fracture of the NbG microstructure, for which grain size is ten times larger.In CrP, Cr and Cr0 microstructures, the presence, or absence, of carbon and nitrogen in solid solution and intra and intergranular precipitations are the consequences of the chosen heat treatments. The presence of precipitates in the grain boundaries, even if they are small (few dozens to few hundred nm), significantly modifies the initiation of cleavage fracture and the value of the ductile to brittle transition temperature. The ductile to brittle transition temperature depends in the first order on the yield stress of microstructures. The cleavage fracture stress is no longer dependent on the size of the intragranular particles as in Ti, Nb and NbG microstructures but on the precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides at the grain boundaries and on the dependence of the lattice friction stress on the solid solution (Smith's model).In the light of these results, alternatives to limit the embrittlement of ferritic grades are suggested.Parmi les nombreuses nuances dâaciers inoxydables, les nuances ferritiques sont utilisĂ©es dans de nombreux secteurs grĂące Ă leur rĂ©sistance Ă la corrosion et Ă des propriĂ©tĂ©s spĂ©cifiques comme leur conductibilitĂ© thermique ou leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s ferromagnĂ©tiques. Leur teneur rĂ©siduelle en nickel en font des aciers Ă©conomiques en comparaison des aciers austĂ©nitiques, plus massivement produits. Toutefois, lâutilisation de cette famille dâaciers en dessous de la tempĂ©rature ambiante est limitĂ©e par sa fragilitĂ© mĂ©canique, la moindre mobilitĂ© des dislocations dans le rĂ©seau cubique centrĂ© rendant lâĂ©coulement plastique plus difficile aux basses tempĂ©ratures. La prĂ©cipitation et la taille des grains sont deux des paramĂštres microstructuraux qui influent sur la tempĂ©rature de transition ductile/fragile des aciers ferritiques. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est dâĂ©tudier et de comprendre lâeffet de ces paramĂštres sur cette tempĂ©rature de transition et sur la rupture par clivage des aciers Ă matrice 100% ferritique contenant 18% de chrome et 2% de molybdĂšne.Pour ce faire, trois coulĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©es avec la mĂȘme teneur en carbone et en azote Ă laquelle sâajoute, pour deux dâentre elles, du titane ou du niobium. La gamme de traitements thermomĂ©caniques a Ă©tĂ© choisie pour fabriquer six microstructures distinctes pour lesquelles varient la taille des grains, la nature et la localisation de la prĂ©cipitation et la teneur en carbone et en azote en solution solide. Ces microstructures sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par microscopies optique et Ă©lectroniques et par diffusion centrale des neutrons aux petits angles. La mise en place dâun essai de traction avec des Ă©prouvettes axisymĂ©triques entaillĂ©es permet de dĂ©terminer la contrainte de rupture par clivage de chaque microstructure Ă 20°C et Ă -40°C, puis de discuter des mĂ©canismes qui rĂ©gissent la rupture fragile.Les microstructures Ă©laborĂ©es sont finalement classĂ©es en deux catĂ©gories. Pour les microstructures Ti, Nb et NbG, pour lesquelles lâajout de titane ou de niobium permet dâĂ©viter la prĂ©cipitation de carbures et nitrures de chrome, la contrainte de rupture par clivage est dĂ©pendante de la taille et de la morphologie des particules intragranulaires. Les Ti(N,C), de 4 Ă 5 ”m au maximum, dont la forme sâapparente Ă celle dâun cube, rendent la microstructure Ti plus fragile que la microstructure Nb caractĂ©risĂ©e par des Nb(C,N), certes plus nombreux mais de plus petites dimensions. La taille des grains est un facteur de deuxiĂšme ordre sur la contrainte de rupture par clivage de ces microstructures comme cela est mis en Ă©vidence avec lâĂ©tude de la rupture fragile de la microstructure NbG, pour laquelle la taille des grains a Ă©tĂ© multipliĂ©e par 10 par rapport Ă celle de la microstructure Nb.Dans les microstructures CrP, Cr et Cr0, la prĂ©sence ou non de carbone et dâazote en solution solide sursaturĂ©e et les prĂ©cipitations intra et intergranulaires sont les consĂ©quences des traitements thermiques choisis. Les prĂ©cipitĂ©s dans les joints de grains, mĂȘme sâils sont de petites dimensions (quelques dizaines Ă quelques centaines de nm), modifient significativement lâamorçage de la rupture par clivage. La tempĂ©rature de transition ductile/fragile est, au premier ordre, dĂ©pendante de la limite dâĂ©lasticitĂ© des microstructures. La contrainte de rupture par clivage nâest plus dĂ©pendante de la taille des particules intragranulaires comme câest le cas pour les microstructures Ti, Nb et NbG mais de la prĂ©cipitation aux joints de grains et de la dĂ©pendance de la contrainte de friction de rĂ©seau Ă la solution solide (modĂšle de Smith).Au vu de ces rĂ©sultats, des pistes pour limiter la fragilitĂ© des nuances ferritiques sont proposĂ©es
Cleavage fracture of ferritic stainless steels 18Cr-2Mo : effect of precipitation and grain size
Parmi les nombreuses nuances dâaciers inoxydables, les nuances ferritiques sont utilisĂ©es dans de nombreux secteurs grĂące Ă leur rĂ©sistance Ă la corrosion et Ă des propriĂ©tĂ©s spĂ©cifiques comme leur conductibilitĂ© thermique ou leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s ferromagnĂ©tiques. Leur teneur rĂ©siduelle en nickel en font des aciers Ă©conomiques en comparaison des aciers austĂ©nitiques, plus massivement produits. Toutefois, lâutilisation de cette famille dâaciers en dessous de la tempĂ©rature ambiante est limitĂ©e par sa fragilitĂ© mĂ©canique, la moindre mobilitĂ© des dislocations dans le rĂ©seau cubique centrĂ© rendant lâĂ©coulement plastique plus difficile aux basses tempĂ©ratures. La prĂ©cipitation et la taille des grains sont deux des paramĂštres microstructuraux qui influent sur la tempĂ©rature de transition ductile/fragile des aciers ferritiques. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est dâĂ©tudier et de comprendre lâeffet de ces paramĂštres sur cette tempĂ©rature de transition et sur la rupture par clivage des aciers Ă matrice 100% ferritique contenant 18% de chrome et 2% de molybdĂšne.Pour ce faire, trois coulĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©es avec la mĂȘme teneur en carbone et en azote Ă laquelle sâajoute, pour deux dâentre elles, du titane ou du niobium. La gamme de traitements thermomĂ©caniques a Ă©tĂ© choisie pour fabriquer six microstructures distinctes pour lesquelles varient la taille des grains, la nature et la localisation de la prĂ©cipitation et la teneur en carbone et en azote en solution solide. Ces microstructures sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par microscopies optique et Ă©lectroniques et par diffusion centrale des neutrons aux petits angles. La mise en place dâun essai de traction avec des Ă©prouvettes axisymĂ©triques entaillĂ©es permet de dĂ©terminer la contrainte de rupture par clivage de chaque microstructure Ă 20°C et Ă -40°C, puis de discuter des mĂ©canismes qui rĂ©gissent la rupture fragile.Les microstructures Ă©laborĂ©es sont finalement classĂ©es en deux catĂ©gories. Pour les microstructures Ti, Nb et NbG, pour lesquelles lâajout de titane ou de niobium permet dâĂ©viter la prĂ©cipitation de carbures et nitrures de chrome, la contrainte de rupture par clivage est dĂ©pendante de la taille et de la morphologie des particules intragranulaires. Les Ti(N,C), de 4 Ă 5 ”m au maximum, dont la forme sâapparente Ă celle dâun cube, rendent la microstructure Ti plus fragile que la microstructure Nb caractĂ©risĂ©e par des Nb(C,N), certes plus nombreux mais de plus petites dimensions. La taille des grains est un facteur de deuxiĂšme ordre sur la contrainte de rupture par clivage de ces microstructures comme cela est mis en Ă©vidence avec lâĂ©tude de la rupture fragile de la microstructure NbG, pour laquelle la taille des grains a Ă©tĂ© multipliĂ©e par 10 par rapport Ă celle de la microstructure Nb.Dans les microstructures CrP, Cr et Cr0, la prĂ©sence ou non de carbone et dâazote en solution solide sursaturĂ©e et les prĂ©cipitations intra et intergranulaires sont les consĂ©quences des traitements thermiques choisis. Les prĂ©cipitĂ©s dans les joints de grains, mĂȘme sâils sont de petites dimensions (quelques dizaines Ă quelques centaines de nm), modifient significativement lâamorçage de la rupture par clivage. La tempĂ©rature de transition ductile/fragile est, au premier ordre, dĂ©pendante de la limite dâĂ©lasticitĂ© des microstructures. La contrainte de rupture par clivage nâest plus dĂ©pendante de la taille des particules intragranulaires comme câest le cas pour les microstructures Ti, Nb et NbG mais de la prĂ©cipitation aux joints de grains et de la dĂ©pendance de la contrainte de friction de rĂ©seau Ă la solution solide (modĂšle de Smith).Au vu de ces rĂ©sultats, des pistes pour limiter la fragilitĂ© des nuances ferritiques sont proposĂ©es.Among stainless steel grades, ferritic stainless steels are used in many applications thanks to their corrosion resistance and attractive properties such as their thermal conductivity and ferromagnetic properties. Their residual nickel content make them economical steels compared to austenitic steels, which are more heavily produced. However, the use of this family of steels is limited by its relatively low toughness at room temperature and below, coming from the lattice friction of the body centered cubic structure that hinders plastic flow. Precipitation and grain size are two microstructural parameters that influence the ductile to brittle transition temperature of ferritic steels. The objective of this thesis is to study and understand the effect of these parameters on the ductile to brittle transition temperature and on the cleavage fracture of ferritic stainless steels containing 18% chromium and 2% molybdenum.To do so, three castings were produced with the same carbon and nitrogen content. Titanium or niobium were added to two of them. Thermomechanical treatments were chosen to produce six different microstructures for which the grain size, the nature and the location of the precipitation and the carbon and nitrogen content in solid solution vary. These microstructures are characterized by optical and electron microscopies and small-angle neutron scattering. The implementation of a tensile test with notched round specimens allows the determination of the cleavage fracture stress of each microstructure at 20 ° C and -40 ° C and discuss the brittle fracture mechanisms.The microstructures developed are finally divided into two groups. For Ti, Nb and NbG microstructures, for which the addition of titanium or niobium prevents the precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides, the cleavage critical stress is dependent on the size and morphology of the intragranular particles. The 4 to 5 ”m long cubic Ti (N, C) make the Ti microstructure more brittle than the Nb microstructure characterized by more numerous but smaller Nb (C, N). The grain size is a second order parameter on the cleavage fracture stress of these microstructures as shown by the study of the brittle fracture of the NbG microstructure, for which grain size is ten times larger.In CrP, Cr and Cr0 microstructures, the presence, or absence, of carbon and nitrogen in solid solution and intra and intergranular precipitations are the consequences of the chosen heat treatments. The presence of precipitates in the grain boundaries, even if they are small (few dozens to few hundred nm), significantly modifies the initiation of cleavage fracture and the value of the ductile to brittle transition temperature. The ductile to brittle transition temperature depends in the first order on the yield stress of microstructures. The cleavage fracture stress is no longer dependent on the size of the intragranular particles as in Ti, Nb and NbG microstructures but on the precipitation of chromium carbides and nitrides at the grain boundaries and on the dependence of the lattice friction stress on the solid solution (Smith's model).In the light of these results, alternatives to limit the embrittlement of ferritic grades are suggested
Objets rigides : de la combinatoire des catégories amassées supérieures à l'algÚbre homotopique
We show that a subcategory of the m-cluster category of type D Ìn is isomorphic to a category consisting of arcs in an (n - 2)m-gon with two central (m - 1)-gons inside of it. We show that the mutation of colored quivers and m-cluster-tilting objects is compatible with the flip of an (m + 2)-angulation. In this thesis, we study the geometric realizations of m-cluster categories of Dynkin types A, D, A Ì and D Ì. We show, in those four cases, that there is a bijection between (m + 2)-angulations and isoclasses of basic m-cluster tilting objects. Underthese bijections, flips of (m + 2)-angulations correspond to mutations of m-cluster tilting objects. Our strategy consists in showing that certain Iyama-Yoshino reductions of the m-cluster categories under consideration can be described in terms of cutting along an arc the corresponding geometric realizations. This allows to infer results from small cases to the general ones. Let Æ be a weakly idempotent complete exact category with enough injective and projective objects. Assume that M â Æ is a rigid, contravariantly finite subcategoryof Æ containing all the injective and projective objects, and stable under taking direct sums and summands. In this paper, Æ is equipped with the structure of a prefibration category with cofibrant replacements. As a corollary, we show, using the results of Demonet and Liu in [DL13], that the category of finite presentation modules on the costable category M is a localization of Æ. We also deduce that Æ â modM admits a calculus of fractions up to homotopy. These two corollaries are analogues for exact categories of results of Buan and Marsh in [BM13], [BM12] (see also [Bel13]) that hold for triangulated categories. If Æ is a Frobenius exact category, we enhance its structure of prefibration category to the structure of a model category (see the article of Palu in [?] for the case of triangulated categories). This last result applies in particular when Æ is any of the Hom-finite Frobenius categories appearing in relation to cluster algebrasDans cette thĂšse, nous dĂ©crivons une rĂ©alisation gĂ©omĂ©trique des carquois de type Dynkin, et certains carquois euclidiens. Nous traitons le cas D Ìn en profondeur et dĂ©montrons quelques rĂ©sultats complĂ©mentaires aux travaux de Baur, Marsh et Torkildsen sur les rĂ©alisations gĂ©omĂ©triques des catĂ©gories amassĂ©es supĂ©rieures. Pour le cas D Ìn, on trouve la figure qui correspond Ă l'Ă©tude, on dĂ©montre la compatibilitĂ© entre le flip d'une (m+2)-angulation, et la mutation de carquois colorĂ©. On trouve une bijection entre les objets m-rigides et chaque arc dit admissible, puis entre les objets amas-basculants et les (m+2)-angulations. De plus, on dĂ©montrela compatibilitĂ© entre la rĂ©duction d'Iyama-Yoshino, et le fait de couper le long d'un arc, qu'on dĂ©finira formellement. Nous dĂ©montrons aussi qu'une catĂ©gorie exacte est une catĂ©gorie de prĂ©fibration au sens de Anderson-Brown-Cisinski, qui vĂ©rifie le thĂ©orĂšme de Quillen, et une catĂ©gorie de Frobenius est munie d'une structure de modĂšle, compatible avec le passage Ă la catĂ©gorie stable, qui est triangulĂ©
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