Regards croisés sur l’inclusion des minorités en contexte scolaire francophone minoritaire au Canada

L’article pose un regard critique sur la façon dont les écoles de langue française de l’Ontario et de la Colombie-Britannique favorisent l’inclusion de la population scolaire immigrante au sein de la salle de classe. Adoptant une perspective critique de la notion de diversité, les auteures s’interrogent sur la manière dont l’école compose avec une population scolaire de plus en plus diversifiée sur les plans racial, culturel et linguistique. En examinant plus particulièrement la situation dans les écoles de langue française situées en milieu francophone minoritaire, les auteures mettent en lumière les difficultés que pose l’implantation en milieu francophone minoritaire de directives et politiques de gestion de la diversité élaborées suivant une perspective de majoritaire. De plus, la prédominance de l’éducation multiculturelle, axée sur la célébration des différences, laisse peu de place à une approche plus critique qui permettrait de questionner le statu quo et d’engager une réflexion sur la manière de concevoir et d’actualiser l’inclusion des minorités. À cet égard, une réflexion de fond s’impose sur la problématique de la diversité en milieu scolaire francophone minoritaire.The article takes a critical look at how French-language schools in Ontario and British Columbia favour the inclusion of the immigrant population in the classroom. Adopting a critical perspective on the notion of diversity, the authors question the way the school deals with an increasingly diversified school population on racial, cultural and linguistic levels. By examining the situation more closely in French-speaking schools located in Francophone minority areas, the authors reveal the problems of immigration to these areas in relation to administration directives and policies on diversity developed from a majority perspective. The predominance of multicultural education centred on the celebration of differences also leaves little room for a more critical approach, allowing the status quo to be questioned and reflections on how to conceive and update the inclusion of minorities. In this regard, a deep reflection is called for on diversity in the minority Francophone school milieu.Este artículo lanza una mirada crítica a la manera en que las escuelas de lengua francesa en Ontario y en Colombia Británica favorecen la inclusión de la población escolar inmigrante en los salones de clase. Adoptando una perspectiva crítica de la noción de diversidad cultural, las autoras cuestionan la manera en que la escuela se las arregla con la presencia de una población escolar cada vez más diversificada racial, cultural y lingüísticamente hablando. Al examinar específicamente la situación en las escuelas de habla francesa situadas en medio francófono minoritario, las autoras ilustran las dificultades que conlleva la implantación de una perspectiva mayoritaria en medio francófono minoritario. Aun más, la predominancia de la educación multicultural, centrada en la celebración de las diferencias, deja muy poco lugar a un enfoque más crítico que permitiría cuestionar el statu quo y provocar una reflexión sobra la manera de concebir y de actualizar la inclusión de las minorías. Al respecto, se impone una reflexión de fondo sobre la problemática de la diversidad en el medio escolar francófono minoritario

Natural Gas Development: Views of New York and Pennsylvania Residents in the Marcellus Shale Region

CaRDI Research & Policy Brief Issue 39; Community & Energy: Nonrenewable Energy Production and Developmen

Sensitivity and specifi city of HAT Sero-K-SeT, a rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a case-control study

Background Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a life-threatening infection aff ecting rural populations in sub- Saharan Africa. Large-scale population screening by antibody detection with the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT)/Trypanosoma brucei (T b) gambiense helped reduce the number of reported cases of gambiense HAT to fewer than 10 000 in 2011. Because low case numbers lead to decreased cost-eff ectiveness of such active screening, we aimed to assess diagnostic accuracy of a rapid serodiagnostic test (HAT Sero-K-SeT) applicable in primary health-care centres. Methods In our case-control study, we assessed participants older than 11 years who presented for HAT Sero-K-SeT and CATT/T b gambiense at primary care centres or to mobile teams (and existing patients with confi rmed disease status at these centres) in Bandundu Province, DR Congo. We defi ned cases as patients with trypanosomes that had been identifi ed in lymph node aspirate, blood, or cerebrospinal fl uid. During screening, we recruited controls without previous history of HAT or detectable trypanosomes in blood or lymph who resided in the same area as the cases. We assessed diagnostic accuracy of three antibody detection tests for gambiense HAT: HAT Sero-K-SeT and CATT/T b gambiense (done with venous blood at the primary care centres) and immune trypanolysis (done with plasma at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium). Findings Between June 6, 2012, and Feb 25, 2013, we included 134 cases and 356 controls. HAT Sero-K-SeT had a sensitivity of 0·985 (132 true positives, 95% CI 0·947–0·996) and a specifi city of 0·986 (351 true negatives, 0·968–0·994), which did not diff er signifi cantly from CATT/T b gambiense (sensitivity 95% CI 0·955, 95% CI 0·906–0·979 [128 true positives] and specifi city 0·972, 0·949–0·985 [346 true negatives]) or immune trypanolysis (sensitivity 0·985, 0·947–0·996 [132 true positives] and specifi city 0·980, 0·960–0·990 [349 true negatives]). Interpretation The diagnostic accuracy of HAT Sero-K-SeT is adequate for T b gambiense antibody detection in local health centres and could be used for active screening whenever a cold chain and electricity supply are unavailable and CATT/T b gambiense cannot be done

Residents\u27 Perceptions of Community and Environmental Impacts From Development of Natural Gas in the Marcellus Shale: A Comparison of Pennsylvania and New York Cases

Communities experiencing rapid growth due to energy development (‘boomtowns’) have reported positive and negative impacts on community and individual well-being. The perceptions of impacts vary according to stage of energy development as well as experience with extractive industries. Development of the Marcellus Shale provides an opportunity to examine these impacts over time and across geographic and historical contexts. This paper describes case study research in Pennsylvania and New York to document preliminary impacts of development occurring there. Cases vary by level of development and previous extractive history. The study finds that, in areas with low population density, higher levels of development lead to a broader awareness of natural gas impacts, both positive and negative. Participants draw from the regional history of extraction to express environmental concern despite direct, local experience. Our findings suggest the need to track these perceptions during development, and as individuals and communities react and adapt to the impacts

Five years follow-up following two or three doses of a hepatitis B vaccine in adolescents aged 11-15 years: a randomised controlled study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The standard three-dose schedule of hepatitis B vaccines is frequently not completed, especially in adolescents. A primary study has confirmed the equivalence of a two-dose schedule of an <it>Adult </it>formulation of hepatitis B vaccine [Group HBV_2D] to a three-dose schedule of a <it>Paediatric </it>formulation in adolescents (11-15 years) [Group HBV_3D]. This follow-up study evaluated the five year persistence of antibody response and immune memory against the hepatitis B surface (anti-HBs) antigens five years after completion of primary vaccination.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 234 subjects returned at the Year 5 time point, of which 144 subjects received a challenge dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Blood samples were collected yearly and pre- and post-challenge dose to assess anti-HBs antibody concentrations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At the end of five years, 79.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.7 - 86.1) and 91.4% (95% CI: 82.3 - 96.8) of subjects who received the two-dose and three-dose schedules, respectively had anti-HBs antibody concentrations ≥10 mIU/mL. Post-challenge dose, all subjects had anti-HBs antibody concentration ≥10 mIU/mL and >94% subjects had anti-HBs antibody concentration ≥100 mIU/mL. All subjects mounted a rapid anamnestic response to the challenge dose. Overall, the challenge dose was well-tolerated.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The two-dose schedule of hepatitis B vaccine confers long-term immunogenicity and shows evidence of immune memory for at least five years following vaccination.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Clinical Trials NCT00343915, NCT00524576</p

Effects of selected opioid agonists and antagonists on DMT-and LSD-25-induced disruption of food-rewarded bar pressing behavior in the rat

Several opioid agonists and antagonists interact with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) in adult male Holtzman rats trained on a positive reinforcement, fixed ratio 4 (FR 4 ) behavioral schedule, i.e., a reward of 0.01 ml sugar-sweetened milk was earned on every fourth bar press. DMT (3.2 and 10.0 mg/kg) and LSD (0.1 mg/kg) given IP with 0.9% NaCl pretreatment, disrupted food-rewarded FR4 bar pressing. Animals were pretreated IP (10–15 min) with predetermined, behaviorally noneffective doses of morphine, methadone, naltrexone, and the (+)-and (-)-enantiomers of naloxone prior to receiving DMT or LSD. Dose-dependent effects were shown with opioid agonist pretreatment. Morphine (0.32–1.0 mg/kg) and methadone (0.32 mg/kg) significantly antagonized the bar pressing disruption induced by DMT and LSD. Larger doses of morphine (3.2 mg/kg) and methadone (1.0–3.2 mg/kg) potentiated only LSD-induced effects, with no effect on DMT-treated groups. The opioid antagonists (-)-naloxone and naltrexone potentiated the disruption of bar pressing induced by DMT and LSD. Failure of (+)-naloxone to potentiate the DMT effects was attributed to a stereospecific opioid antagonist effect of (-)-naloxone.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46425/1/213_2004_Article_BF00432428.pd

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Perspective croisée sur la collaboration professionnelle des enseignants dans trois contextes scolaires en Colombie-Britannique

Dans cet article, nous examinons la collaboration professionnelle sur un échantillon d’enseignants oeuvrant dans trois contextes différents en Colombie-Britannique (l’école anglophone, l’école francophone, et l’école à double voie qui abrite un programme d’immersion française en co-existence avec un programme anglophone). Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’entrevues et de questionnaires auprès de directions d’écoles, d’enseignants et d’administrateurs, dans le cadre d’une vaste recherche pan-canadienne sur l’évolution du personnel scolaire (2002-2007) et ont été analysées à l’aide des logiciels SPSS et N6. L’analyse des données révèle que ce sont les enseignants oeuvrant dans les programmes d’immersion en français dans les écoles à double voie, disent qu’ils collaborent le plus entre eux, en particulier aux niveaux de l’échange et de la construction de matériel pédagogique, ainsi que de la planification de l’enseignement. À l’inverse, ce sont dans les écoles francophones où on fait moins souvent référence à la collaboration. Nous suggérons, que des facteurs sociologiques et identitaires propres aux défis et contraintes de l’enseignement en milieu minoritaire permettent de comprendre les différences notées dans le niveau de collaboration entre enseignants dans les trois contextes.In this article, we examine professional collaboration among a sample of teachers working in three distinct language contexts in British Columbia (the anglophone schools, the francophone schools and dual-track schools that house the French Immersion programs alongside English programs). The data were gathered using interviews and questionnaires with school principals, teachers and administrators as part of a larger pan-Canadian study on the évolution of school personnel (2002-2007). The data were analyzed using SPSS and N6 software packages. The analysis reveals that teachers working in French Immersion programs in dual-track schools collaborate the most, particularly with respect to the exchange and construction of pedagogical materials and planning instruction. Conversely, it is in French schools that the degree of collaboration is the weakest. We suggest that sociological and identity issues related to the challenges and constraints of teaching in a minority language setting can explain the differences noted in the level of collaboration between teachers in the three contexts