An easily implementable sampling procedure for certain fractal and other non-band limited signals

International audienceThe first step in digital signal processing is analog-to-digital conversion. Classically, the analog signal is sampled via the process described by the Whittaker-Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem (WKS), which requires that the original signal is band-limited. Irregular signals, as are fractal ones, typically do not verify such an assumption. The low-pass filtering necessary to apply the WKS theorem implies then a serious loss of information. Although extensions of the WKS theorem to non-band limited signals do exist, their implementation is typically rather difficult. We propose in this paper a sampling procedure for some classes of non-band limited signal which shares the simplicity of the WKS procedure (involving only bandpass analog filtering and regular sampling). We give a detailed explanation of the implementation of our sampling scheme, and provide some of its theoretical properties. Numerical experiments illustrate the behaviour of the method

Medico-economic evaluation of infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis—prospective French study of a cohort of 635 patients monitored for two years

Objectives. To perform, in real conditions of prescription, the medico-economic evaluation of infliximab in severe RA. Methods. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the annual costs was done with a comparison between the previous and the following year under infliximab. The effectiveness, determined from the HAQ, was expressed in clinically significant units and in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The incremental net benefit (INB), defined as willingness to pay (λ), was used to express the results. Results. A cohort of 635 patients was formed. Before the use of infliximab, after 1 and 2 years, the mean annual cost per patient for the care of RA was €9832, 27 723 and 46 704, respectively. Among the direct costs, infliximab accounts for €21 182 for the first year. The distribution of the different costs was similar after 2 years. By using the INB, the difference before and after 1 year under infliximab is significant, on average by 1.86 (s.e.m. = 0.76) when the effectiveness is expressed in clinically significant units. For severe HAQ, λ is €9841 (18 593 for all HAQ). When it is expressed in QALYs, also for severe HAQ, λ >€100 000. This can be explained by a short follow-up although severe complication of RA appears later. Conclusion. An evaluation of the more long-term costs is required in order to determine whether there are any full economic benefits with this treatmen

Genetic polymorphisms of MMP1, MMP3 and MMP7 gene promoter and risk of colorectal adenoma

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been shown to play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC). More recently, MMP1, MMP3 and MMP7 functional gene promoter polymorphisms have been found to be associated with CRC occurrence and prognosis. To document the role of MMP polymorphisms in the early step of colorectal carcinogenesis, we investigated their association with colorectal adenoma risk in a case-control study comprising 295 patients with large adenomas (LA), 302 patients with small adenomas (SA) and 568 polyp-free (PF) controls. METHODS: Patients were genotyped using automated fragment analysis for MMP1 -1607 ins/del G and MMP3 -1612 ins/delA (MMP3.1) polymorphisms and allelic discrimination assay for MMP3 -709 A/G (MMP3.2) and MMP7 -181 A/G polymorphisms. Association between MMP genotypes and colorectal adenomas was first tested for each polymorphism separately and then for combined genotypes using the combination test. Adjustment on relevant variables and estimation of odds ratios were performed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: No association was observed between the polymorphisms and LA when compared to PF or SA. When comparing SA to PF controls, analysis revealed a significant association between MMP3 -1612 ins/delA polymorphism and SA with an increased risk associated with the 6A/6A genotype (OR = 1.67, 95%CI: 1.20–2.34). Using the combination test, the best association was found for MMP3.1-MMP1 (p = 0.001) with an OR of 1.88 (95%CI: 1.08–3.28) for the combined genotype 2G/2G-6A/6A estimated by logistic regression. CONCLUSION: These data show a relation between MMP1 -1607 ins/del G and MMP3 -1612 ins/delA combined polymorphisms and risk of SA, suggesting their potential role in the early steps of colorectal carcinogenesis

L'empire Ottoman et les codes occidentaux

Donated by Klaus KreiserReprinted from in : Droits, 26, 1997

Xavier Martin, Le principe d'égalité dans les successions roturières en Anjou et dans le Maine

Lafon Jacques. Xavier Martin, Le principe d'égalité dans les successions roturières en Anjou et dans le Maine. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 31ᵉ année, N. 4, 1976. pp. 846-848

Xavier Martin, Le principe d'égalité dans les successions roturières en Anjou et dans le Maine

Lafon Jacques. Xavier Martin, Le principe d'égalité dans les successions roturières en Anjou et dans le Maine. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 31ᵉ année, N. 4, 1976. pp. 846-848

La Protection des Lieux Saints : un conflit Franco-Espagnol (1868)

Donated by Klaus KreiserReprinted from in : Lieu de publication : Paris , 1998

Itinéraires de l’histoire du droit à la diplomatie culturelle et à l’histoire coloniale

Le 19 novembre 1999, le professeur Jacques Lafon décédait brutalement au Caire où il dirigeait l’Institut du droit des affaires internationales. Au cours d’une brillante carrière universitaire en qualité de professeur agrégé aux universités de Dijon, de Versailles-Saint- Quentin et Paris-I, Jacques Lafon avait bâti une œuvre reconnue dans les domaines de l’histoire du droit privé et de l’histoire de l’administration. Mais à plusieurs reprises, l’exercice de fonctions diplomatiques, comme conseiller culturel auprès de l’ambassade de France en Turquie, aux Pays-Bas et en Syrie l’avait engagé aussi sur des voies originales : l’histoire des relations juridiques entre la France et l’Empire ottoman, la diplomatie culturelle et l’histoire du droit colonial. De ses itinéraires croisés, Jacques Lafon a tiré, au cours des quinze dernières années de sa vie, la matière de nombreuses contributions à des revues et à des colloques, dont certaines forment les linéaments d’ouvrages en projet. Un groupe de collègues et d’amis a pensé que la meilleure manière de rendre hommage à la mémoire du professeur Jacques Lafon était de réunir ces études en y ajoutant des inédits. Les lecteurs pourront ainsi apprécier l’exceptionnelle qualité et l’originalité de la réflexion d’un intellectuel passionné par le Proche- Orient et riche d’une triple expérience d’historien, de juriste et de diplomate

La sublime porte et les chrétiens (XIXe siècle)

Donated by Klaus Kreise