Modelling the bycatch reduction of a shrimp trawl with a combined Nordmøre grid and sieve panel configuration in the north east Atlantic deep-water shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a sieve panel could be an alternative to the Nordmøre grid or if a sieve panel could combine with the Nordmøre grid regarding bycatch reduction while simultaneously maintaining shrimp retention in the Northeast Atlantic deep-water shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery. These gears are the two most established bycatch reduction devices used today in shrimp fisheries internationally. Despite this, the incidental capture of non-target species, in particular the juvenile populations, continues to attract worldwide attention. This challenge was addressed by analyzing the selectivity of shrimp as well as three different bycatch species when the sieve panel replaced the Nordmøre grid. Alternatively, selectivity with a combination of the two was quantified using a special bootstrap technique. Passage was examined using four different sieve panel configurations (adjusting mesh size and sieving angle). When the sieve panel replaced the Nordmøre grid shrimp loss was higher when the small mesh size was used and unaffected with a large mesh size. Bycatch exclusion with a small mesh size was superior, with passage probability being almost consistently significantly higher through the sieve panel than the Nordmøre grid. When the selective devices were combined, small meshes again led to much more shrimp loss, while the large meshes added approximately just 3% shrimp loss. Based on the results, this thesis demonstrated that a combination of a sieve panel, configured in the correct way, followed by a Nordmøre grid provides an opportunity to significantly reduce bycatch while simultaneously retaining shrimp. The results and the potential use of the methods in practice are discussed

Revue de la littérature sur l’évolution future de l’espérance de vie et de l’espérance de vie en santé

Like many industrialized countries, Canada is experiencing significant population aging and this phenomenon, inherited from the demographic transition, will intensify in the coming years. Mortality changes, especially at older ages, will contribute greatly to this phenomenon, hence the importance to be aware of the latest and forthcoming developments. It is also imperative to uncover recent and future health trends in the elderly population, and to investigate whether extra years of life gained through increased longevity will be spent in good or bad health. Thus, through this literature review, we first outline the academic debate on the future of mortality, and more specifically of life expectancy at birth. Since the debate essentially crystallized around two main competing views, one that supports sustained mortality gains in the future and one that expect instead these gains to peak, the arguments of each group and the main criticisms they face are exposed. We then provide a detailed account of a concomitant debate on the quality rather than the quantity of years lived. The three competing theories on the future of morbidity - compression of morbidity, expansion of morbidity and dynamic equilibrium - are presented and their relevance is discussed on the basis of empirical data. The difficulties inherent in defining the concepts of health and illness, and to obtain comparable indicators over time and space are highlighted.mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, limit to the human life span, Canada, industrialized countries

Diversity of decay resistance strategies of durable tropical woods species: Bocoa prouacencsis Aublet, Vouacapoua americana Aublet, Inga alba (Sw.) Wild

International audienceThe study of decay resistance in wood is of interest for wood end-users but also for the global carbon balance since wood biodegradation is a key driver of forest ecosystem functioning through its impacts on carbon and nutrient cycling. We studied the density and wood extractive contents in order to understand decay resistance against soil microflora after 90 days exposure of sapwood and heartwood from three Neotropical wood species known for their decay resistance: Bocoa prouacensis, Vouacapoua americana, Inga alba. Decay resistance was correlated with density more than wood extractive content. The results highlighted different decay resistance strategies. In B. prouacensis, both sapwood and heartwood were highly resistant due to the high density and high content of antifungal wood extractives. In V. americana heartwood, decay resistance was due to the high synergistic-acting wood extractive content. Conversely, with the least dense wood species I. alba, we found that decay resistance was due to the antifungal wood extractives synthesized early in the sapwood. In conclusion, we showed that the three wood species with the same level of heartwood decay resistance performance had different decay resistance strategies according to the anatomic and defensive wood traits

Structure des couronnes et variation de l’épaisseur et de la surface d’aubier chez l’Angélique deGuyane (Dicorynia guianensis Amsh., Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae)

International audienceL'Angélique (Dicorynia guianensis Amsh.) représente environ 35% de laproduction de bois d'oeuvre en Guyane. Cependant, la stratégie de duraminisationdite ‘tardive’ chez cette essence entraîne une grande variabilité de l'épaisseurd'aubier (Fig. 1A) et par conséquent, influence la proportion exploitable de lagrume. La relation entre quantité de bois de coeur et diamètre à 1m30 (DBH) (e.g.Carrodus (1972), Wilkes (1991), Pinto et al. (2004), Wang et al. (2010)), ne permetpas une estimation suffisamment précise de la quantité de duramen et/ou d’aubier.A ce jour, très peu d’études mettent en lien la structure de la couronne et/ou lestatut social de l’individu avec la quantité de duramen (e.g. Pazdrowski et al.(2009), Nawrot et al. (2008)). Or, une grande diversité de structures des couronnesest observable au sein d’une même classe de diamètre (Fig. 1B).Ici, nous proposons une méthode visuelle et rapide de diagnostic architectural desarbres permettant d’améliorer l’estimation de la quantité de duramen dans letronc

Study of wine tartaric salt stabilization by addition of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Comparison with the « protective colloïds » effect

Aims : Inhibition of potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHT) crystallization by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is tested in a model solution and in wines. Tartaric acid salt crystallization risk is assessed by computing the supersaturation, saturation temperature and excess KHT with respect to the saturation equilibrium using MEXTAR® (Mesure de l’EXces de TARtre) software. Materials and results : Firstly, the time for crystals to appear was recorded by monitoring the conductivity in a model solution and in a wine, and the inhibition ratio was computed. At 11,5 °C, 0,5 mg.L-1 CMC inhibited KHT crystallization. The inhibitory effect increased exponentially with increasing CMC concentration and was several times greater than that of polysaccharides and polyphenols, the protective colloids in wine (Gerbaud et al., 1997). At 2 °C, 30 mg.L-1 CMC had the same inhibitory effect than 10 mg.L-1 at 11.5°C.Secondly, 20 red and white wines were refrigerated for 3 weeks at -4 °C with CMC or metatartaric acid. Results show that the addition of 20 mg.L-1 CMC has an inhibitory effect at least equivalent to 100 mg.L-1 metatartaric acid. Furthermore, for 10 wines preheated for 8 days at 30 °C and then refrigerated for 2 months at 0 °C, 5 and 20 mg. L-1 CMC maintains its inhibitory efficiency, unlike metatartaric acid which is hydrolysed Significance and impact of the study : The OIV-OENO 366-2009 and OIV-OENO 02/2008 resolutions recently authorized the use of CMC to prevent tartaric acid salt precipitation. With no impact on health, and stable under heating and in acid solution, CMC is an efficient candidate for tartaric stabilization. The optimal concentration of 20 mg.L-1 (2 g.hL-1) should however be adapted to local wine storage conditions and KHT crystallization risk