Content analysis of elite articulations

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67140/2/10.1177_002200276400800406.pd

Why Does Exercise “Triggerâ€? Adaptive Protective Responses in the Heart?

Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that individuals who exercise have decreased cardiac morbidity and mortality. Pre-clinical studies in animal models also find clear cardioprotective phenotypes in animals that exercise, specifically characterized by lower myocardial infarction and arrhythmia. Despite the clear benefits, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for exercise preconditioning are not fully understood. In particular, the adaptive signaling events that occur during exercise to “trigger� cardioprotection represent emerging paradigms. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have identified several different factors that appear to initiate exercise preconditioning. We summarize the evidence for and against specific cellular factors in triggering exercise adaptations and identify areas for future study

Dapagliflozin Does Not Directly Affect Human α or β Cells.

Selective inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) are widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and act primarily to lower blood glucose by preventing glucose reabsorption in the kidney. However, it is controversial whether these agents also act on the pancreatic islet, specifically the α cell, to increase glucagon secretion. To determine the effects of SGLT2 on human islets, we analyzed SGLT2 expression and hormone secretion by human islets treated with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (DAPA) in vitro and in vivo. Compared to the human kidney, SLC5A2 transcript expression was 1600-fold lower in human islets and SGLT2 protein was not detected. In vitro, DAPA treatment had no effect on glucagon or insulin secretion by human islets at either high or low glucose concentrations. In mice bearing transplanted human islets, 1 and 4 weeks of DAPA treatment did not alter fasting blood glucose, human insulin, and total glucagon levels. Upon glucose stimulation, DAPA treatment led to lower blood glucose levels and proportionally lower human insulin levels, irrespective of treatment duration. In contrast, after glucose stimulation, total glucagon was increased after 1 week of DAPA treatment but normalized after 4 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, the human islet grafts showed no effects of DAPA treatment on hormone content, endocrine cell proliferation or apoptosis, or amyloid deposition. These data indicate that DAPA does not directly affect the human pancreatic islet, but rather suggest an indirect effect where lower blood glucose leads to reduced insulin secretion and a transient increase in glucagon secretion

Agricultural Research Bulletins, Nos. 489-521

Volume 34, Bulletins 489-521. (489) Ownership of Iowa's Farmland; (490) Identification and Measurement of Inefficiencies in Leasing Systems; (491) Comparison of Resource Returns of Well-Organized Iowa Farms with Selected Nonfarm Opportunities; (492) Iowa Livestock Producers' Choice of Markets; (493) Methodology of Programming Small Watershed Development; (494) North Central Regional Potassium Studies: I. Field Studies with Alfalfa; (495) Organoleptic, Chemical, Physical and Microscopic Characteristics of Muscles in Eight Beef Carcasses, Differing in Age of Animal, Carcass Grade and Extent of Cooking; (496) Specialization and Pork Production Methods in Relation to Over-All Farm Resource Use and Integration; (497) Maternal Employment, Family Relations and Selected Personality, School-Related and Social-Development Characteristics of Children; (498) Soil Erosion Control in Western Iowa: Progress and Problems; (499) Response of Corn Yields in a Planosol Soil to Surface Drainage, Cropping System and Variable Fertilizer Treatments; (500) Description and Measurement of Rates of Early Mortality in the Pig; (501) Appraisal of the Federal Feed--Grains Programs; (502) Production, Income and Resource Changes from Farm Consolidation; (503) North Central Regional Potassium Studies; (504) Farm Size and Cost Relationships in Relation to Recent Machine Technology; (505) Poultry Supply Functions (The Relation of Technical Change to Output of Eggs, Broilers and Turkeys); (506) Derivation of Hydrographs for Small Watersheds from Measurable Physical Characteristics; (507) Short-Run Corn Supply and Fertilizer Demand Functions Based on Production Functions Derived from Experimental Data: a Static Analysis; (508) Occupational Plans of Iowa Farm Boys; (509) Factors Related to Employment of Wives in a Rural Iowa County; (510) Factors Related to Interreligious Marriages in Iowa, 1953-57; (511) Interregional Competition and Prospective Shifts in the Location of Livestock Slaughter; (512) Survival Rates Among Religiously Homogamous and Interreligious Marriages; (513) Effects of Light and Soil Moisture on Forest Tree Seedling Establishment; (514) Analysis of Direct-Payment Methods for Hogs to Increase Hog Producers' Incomes; (515) Distributed Lag Inventory Analyses; (516) Migration and Adjustment of Farm and Nonfarm Families and Adolescents in Cedar Rapids, Iowa; (517) Beef-Cattle Production Functions in Forage Utilization; (518) Production Functions and Methods of Specifying Optimum Fertilizer Use Under Various Uncertainty Conditions for Hay; (519) Profit-Maximizing Plans for Soil-Conserving Farming in the Spring Valley Creek Watershed in Southwest Iowa; (520) Estimation of Soil Moisture Under Corn; (521) Regional Changes in Grain Production: An Application of Spatial Linear Programming</p