CHARACTERIZATION OF A PROMOTER REARRANGEMENT AND A SECOND PROMOTER IN THE HUMAN C-MYB PROTO-ONCOGENE

The human cellular proto-oncogene c-myb has been implicated as important in the regulation of hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation. Aberrant expression of this gene and chromosomal aberrations near the c-myb locus have been associated with a number of carcinogenic processes. An alternatively spliced CDNA clone of c-myb, pMbm-2, contains unique 5’ sequences which replace exon 1. The existence of this 5’ divergent CDNA clone led us into a study of the promoter activity of the c-myb gene. Intron 1 of c-myb is highly conserved between human and mouse throughout the intron, while only those sequences directly adjacent to exons 1 and 2 are conserved between human and chicken. The unique sequence of pMbm-2 was located directly adjacent to exon 2, suggesting that it arose as a product of alternative transcription initiation within intron 1. A cluster of transcription start sites was detected at the 5’ end of exon 2. Levels of messages utilizing these start sites are expressed proportionally to those arising from the primary promoter. Functional characterization of this region revealed that this region can function as a promoter. Deletion studies have revealed the presence of negative and positive regulatory elements within this region which are utilized with different efficiencies in different cell lines. These studies suggest that cis or trans factors acting in this region may serve a dual function in both attenuation and transcription initiation. Studies of the c-myb promoter utilizing the acute lymphoblastic cell line CCRF-CEM revealed that a portion of the c-myb promoter is lost in this cell line. The rearranged locus, which we have designated MRR (myb rearranged region), has been Cloned and mapped to chromosome 6. The MR sequence is linked to the c-myb locus, suggesting that the rearrangement is due to a submicroscopic deletion. The rearrangement appears to have no effect on c-myb promoter activity as analyzed in CCRF-CEM cells. The normal locus of the MRR sequence shows a high degree of homology to a member of the myc family of oncogenes. Therefore, although attenuation may be the primary mechanism of c-myb regulation, the existence of a second promoter in the c-myb gene and a rearrangement of the primary c-myb promoter in a leukemia cell line suggests that other regions at the 5’ end of this gene are important in the regulation of c-myb transcription

Maternal Colonialism: White Women and Indigenous Child Removal in the American West and Australia, 1880–1940

This study of white women’s involvement in the removal of indigenous children in a comparative, international context offers an opportunity for recasting the history of women and gender in the American West as part of a larger story of gender and settler colonialism around the globe. Maternalist politics, though professing a concern and sisterhood with all women, did not promote equality between women, but reaffirmed class, racial, and religious hierarchies. Ironically, white women maternalists who sought to use their association with motherhood to gain greater power in society were simultaneously engaged in dispossessing indigenous mothers of their children. In challenging the ascendancy of maternalism, women such as Constance Goddard DuBois and Mary Bennett became fierce critics of the colonial policies and practices of their governments and identified the ways in which colonialism had invaded even the most intimate spaces of indigenous people’s lives. Western women’s historians have the opportunity to follow the lead of DuBois and Bennett: to develop a critical analysis of maternalism and to examine the intricate workings of gender and colonialism in the intimacies of empire

Review of \u3ci\u3eIsland Queens and Mission Wives: How Gender and Empire Remade Hawai‘i’s Pacific World\u3c/i\u3e, by Jennifer Thigpen

In Island Queens and Mission Wives, Jennifer Thigpen argues persuasively for the centrality of women and gender to the encounter between missionaries and Native Hawaiians in the nineteenth century. ... Thigpen offers new contributions to scholarship on missionary enterprises and colonialism by offering close readings of on-the-ground relationships between missionary and Hawaiian women. She successfully shows how women’s cross-cultural relationships within intimate settings became significant sites for the building of diplomatic and political alliances. ... Through its engagement with and extension of scholarship on gender and colonial encounters, Thigpen’s manuscript is a solid and engaging piece of historical scholarship

Resistance to Rescue: The Indians of Bahapki and Mrs. Annie E. K. Bidwell

Annie Bidwell, whose story is told here, was an exemplar of the nineteenth-century Euro-American female humanitarian reform impulse. She worked diligently to introduce Christianity and domesticity to the Maidu and Bahapki Indians who lived and worked for her husband at Rancho Chico, paying special attention to the women and children. Bidwell had no doubt that her insistence on acculturation was in their best interests. But from the perspective of the Indians, she was a destroyer. Insofar as they could, they resisted her efforts to change their religion, their child-rearing practices, and their family relationships. Margaret Jacobs successfully “reads through” Bidwell’s own writings to document the ways in which the Indians Bidwell was trying to “rescue” instead subverted and quietly resisted her efforts. Jacobs’s success in showing us both sides of this interaction changes our understanding of Annie Bidwell. Jacobs does not dispute or disparage Bidwell’s humanitarian concern, but by looking at the Indian side of the story, she does clearly show that Bidwell was less effective than she thought. Because Margaret Jacobs begins without assumptions of cultural superiority, she is able to show us how very complex Bidwell’s humanitarian “rescue effort” really was

The Eastmans and the Luhans: Interracial Marriage between White Women and Native American Men, 1875–1935

The stories of the (Elaine Goodale and Charles) Eastmans’ and (Mabel Dodge and Tony) Luhans’ marriages contain all the necessary ingredients for two “racy” novels but they also provide more than voyeuristic romances. As Peggy Pascoe has written, “For scholars interested in the social construction of race, gender, and culture, few subjects are as potentially revealing as the history of interracial marriage.” Both the Eastmans and the Luhans operated at the outer boundaries of American racial norms. Yet, through writing and speaking about their marriages, both couples worked to transform the racial ideologies of their times. Similarly both couples were bound by the gender norms of their respective eras but they also actively reshaped gender and sexual conventions. The great majority of literature on interracial marriage has focused on laws forbidding interracial marriage and the court cases that ensued to challenge these laws. Another large part of the literature focuses on European and/or white American social attitudes toward interracial marriages. Until recently most studies of interracial marriage also focused almost exclusively on couples designated as white and black. This essay differs from such previous work in two important ways. First, I examine a little-studied configuration—white women and Indian men—and its changing meaning in American society. And second, rather than asking what white Americans thought about such liaisons, I instead consider how interracial couples themselves defended their choices and navigated the often-hostile terrain upon which they lived. I also examine the role interracial couples themselves played in reshaping public attitudes toward their marriages. It is, of course, impossible to generalize from only two such interracial marriages; this article should be viewed less as a definitive statement on the subject and more as a tentative step into the shallow end of a deep pool of material on the interplay between social currents, ebbing and flowing notions of gender and race, and interracial couples’ own actions and movements to stay afloat

Review of \u3ci\u3eIsland Queens and Mission Wives: How Gender and Empire Remade Hawai‘i’s Pacific World\u3c/i\u3e, by Jennifer Thigpen

In Island Queens and Mission Wives, Jennifer Thigpen argues persuasively for the centrality of women and gender to the encounter between missionaries and Native Hawaiians in the nineteenth century. ... Thigpen offers new contributions to scholarship on missionary enterprises and colonialism by offering close readings of on-the-ground relationships between missionary and Hawaiian women. She successfully shows how women’s cross-cultural relationships within intimate settings became significant sites for the building of diplomatic and political alliances. ... Through its engagement with and extension of scholarship on gender and colonial encounters, Thigpen’s manuscript is a solid and engaging piece of historical scholarship

Translation of APL to other high-level languages

The thesis describes a method of translating the computer language APL to other high-level languages. Particular reference is made to FORTRAN, a language widely available to computer users. Although gaining in popularity, APL is not at present so readily available, and the main aim of the translation process is to enable the more desirable features of APL to be at the disposal of a far greater number of users. The translation process should also speed up the running of routines, since compilation in general leads to greater efficiency than interpretive techniques. Some inefficiencies of the APL language have been removed by the translation process. The above reasons for translating APL to other high-level languages are discussed in the introduction to the thesis. A description of the method of translation forms the main part of the thesis. The APL input code is first lexically scanned, a process whereby the subsequent phases are greatly simplified. An intermediate code form is produced in which bracketing is used to group operators and operands together, and to assign priorities to operators such that sub-expressions will be handled in the correct order. By scanning the intermediate code form, information is stacked until required later. The information is used to make possible a process of macro expansion. Each of the above processes is discussed in the main text of the thesis. The format of all information which can or must be supplied at translation time is clearly outlined in the text

A Generation Removed: The Fostering of Indigenous Children in the Post-war Worlld

Writing Nature, the Julie & Joseph Maiolo Fund for Creative EndeavorsCollege of Liberal Arts, Department of American Indian Studie