301 research outputs found

    Descartes copernicien ?

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    Essais sur l'impact des crises financiÚres sur la réputation et le comportement des agences de notation

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    Cette thĂšse Ă©tudie l’impact de la rĂ©putation des agences de notation sur la perception de leurs annonces par les investisseurs, ainsi que sur leur propre comportement Ă  divulguer des informations prĂ©cises et ponctuelles. Elle est constituĂ©e de quatre chapitres. Dans les premier et second chapitres, nous Ă©tudions comment la perception des investisseurs des notations des agences change suite Ă  l’observation d’une erreur de notation. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les investisseurs rĂ©agissent peu ou pas aux changements d’annonce aprĂšs avoir observĂ© des notations erronĂ©es, ce qui suggĂšre que la mauvaise performance des agences de notation affecte nĂ©gativement leur rĂ©putation. Dans les troisiĂšme et quatriĂšme chapitres, nous Ă©tudions les dĂ©terminants de la ponctualitĂ© et de la prĂ©cision des annonces de notation financiĂšre. Il ressort que la rĂ©putation de l’agence de notation affecte la qualitĂ© des notations. En particulier, plus la rĂ©putation est Ă©levĂ©e, et plus la note semble surĂ©valuĂ©e et non-ponctuelle.This thesis studies the impact of the reputation of rating agencies on investors’ perception of ratings, and on rating agencies ability to disclose accurate and timely information. It consists of four chapters. In the first and second chapters, we study changes in investors’ perception of rating agencies’ ratings following the observation of rating failures. The results show that investors either ignore or react less to ratings after such failures, which suggests that rating agencies poor performance affects negatively their reputation. In the third and fourth chapters, we study the determinants of ratings timeliness and accuracy disclosed by credit rating agencies. The results suggest that the reputation of the rating agency affects the quality of ratings. In particular, the higher the rating agency s reputation, the less accurate and timely the rating is

    Essais sur l'impact des crises financiÚres sur la réputation et le comportement des agences de notation

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    Cette thĂšse Ă©tudie l’impact de la rĂ©putation des agences de notation sur la perception de leurs annonces par les investisseurs, ainsi que sur leur propre comportement Ă  divulguer des informations prĂ©cises et ponctuelles. Elle est constituĂ©e de quatre chapitres. Dans les premier et second chapitres, nous Ă©tudions comment la perception des investisseurs des notations des agences change suite Ă  l’observation d’une erreur de notation. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les investisseurs rĂ©agissent peu ou pas aux changements d’annonce aprĂšs avoir observĂ© des notations erronĂ©es, ce qui suggĂšre que la mauvaise performance des agences de notation affecte nĂ©gativement leur rĂ©putation. Dans les troisiĂšme et quatriĂšme chapitres, nous Ă©tudions les dĂ©terminants de la ponctualitĂ© et de la prĂ©cision des annonces de notation financiĂšre. Il ressort que la rĂ©putation de l’agence de notation affecte la qualitĂ© des notations. En particulier, plus la rĂ©putation est Ă©levĂ©e, et plus la note semble surĂ©valuĂ©e et non-ponctuelle.This thesis studies the impact of the reputation of rating agencies on investors’ perception of ratings, and on rating agencies ability to disclose accurate and timely information. It consists of four chapters. In the first and second chapters, we study changes in investors’ perception of rating agencies’ ratings following the observation of rating failures. The results show that investors either ignore or react less to ratings after such failures, which suggests that rating agencies poor performance affects negatively their reputation. In the third and fourth chapters, we study the determinants of ratings timeliness and accuracy disclosed by credit rating agencies. The results suggest that the reputation of the rating agency affects the quality of ratings. In particular, the higher the rating agency s reputation, the less accurate and timely the rating is

    Time-dependent routing : models, algorithms, and the value of information

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    Le problĂšme de tournĂ©es de vĂ©hicules (Vehicle routing problem - VRP), introduit il y a plus de 60 ans, demeure au cƓur des systĂšmes de transport. AprĂšs des dĂ©cennies de dĂ©veloppement, le VRP, par son ensemble trĂšs riche de variantes, reprĂ©sente l'un des problĂšmes les plus Ă©tudiĂ©s dans la littĂ©rature. Pourtant, en raison du manque de donnĂ©es, deux hypothĂšses importantes font que le VRP ne s'adapte pas efficacement au trafic et Ă  la congestion, deux Ă©lĂ©ments importants pour modĂ©liser de façon rĂ©elle des problĂšmes pratiques. Une premiĂšre hypothĂšse considĂšre que la vitesse de dĂ©placement est constante dans le temps. La seconde, considĂšre que chaque paire de nƓuds (clients) n'est reliĂ©e que par un arc, ignorant le rĂ©seau routier implicite (sous-jacent). La congestion de la circulation est l'un des plus grands dĂ©fis des systĂšmes de transport. Ces systĂšmes Ă©tant directement affectĂ©s par la congestion, l'ensemble de la chaĂźne d'approvisionnement doit s'adapter Ă  ce facteur, ce qui n'est pas simple. La croissance continue du fret au cours des derniĂšres annĂ©es aggrave encore la situation et une attention renouvelĂ©e Ă  la mobilitĂ©, Ă  l'environnement et Ă  la logistique urbaine a mis en lumiĂšre ces questions. RĂ©cemment, les avancĂ©es technologiques en communication et en acquisition de donnĂ©es en temps rĂ©el ont permis de collecter plusieurs informations sur les vĂ©hicules telles que leur localisation, leur accĂ©lĂ©ration, leur vitesse, leur dĂ©cĂ©lĂ©ration, etc. Ainsi, nous pouvons remettre en question la façon dont nous dĂ©finissons, modĂ©lisons et rĂ©solvons les problĂšmes de transport. Ceci nous permet de surmonter les deux hypothĂšses mentionnĂ©es en intĂ©grant non seulement les informations relatives Ă  la congestion, mais aussi en considĂ©rant l'ensemble du rĂ©seau routier. Dans cette thĂšse nous considĂ©rons l'ensemble du rĂ©seau routier sous-jacent, ce qui signifie que nous avons les nƓuds clients mais Ă©galement tous les nƓuds intermĂ©diaires qui constituent ce rĂ©seau. Ensuite, nous modĂ©lisons le temps de trajet de chaque route individuellement au cours de la journĂ©e. En divisant une journĂ©e en petits intervalles, jusqu'Ă  une prĂ©cision de l'ordre de la seconde, nous prenons en considĂ©ration des informations prĂ©cises sur le trafic. Il en rĂ©sulte un nouveau problĂšme appelĂ© le problĂšme de tournĂ©es de vĂ©hicules Ă  plus court chemin avec dĂ©pendance du temps (Time-dependant shortest path vehicle routing problem - TD-SPVRP), dans lequel nous combinons le problĂšme du plus court chemin avec dĂ©pendance du temps et le VRP avec dĂ©pendance du temps, crĂ©ant ainsi un problĂšme plus gĂ©nĂ©ral et trĂšs complexe. Le TD-SPVRP est plus proche des conditions rĂ©elles et il constitue le sujet du chapitre 2 oĂč nous le formulons comme un modĂšle de programmation linĂ©aire en nombres entiers mixtes et concevons une heuristique rapide et efficace pour le rĂ©soudre. Nous testons le modĂšle ainsi que l'heuristique sur des instances gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es Ă  partir de donnĂ©es rĂ©elles de circulation sur le rĂ©seau routier de la ville de QuĂ©bec, Canada. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que l'heuristique fournit des solutions de haute qualitĂ© avec un Ă©cart moyen de 5,66% par rapport aux bornes infĂ©rieures dĂ©terminĂ©es par le modĂšle. Cependant, le modĂšle mathĂ©matique ne parvient pas Ă  trouver aucune solution pour les instances de donnĂ©es rĂ©elles. Pour pouvoir rĂ©soudre ce problĂšme complexe, une grande attention a Ă©tĂ© portĂ©e Ă  la performance de l'implantation des algorithmes proposĂ©s afin d'amĂ©liorer leur rapiditĂ© en termes de temps d'exĂ©cution. Le problĂšme reste trĂšs compliquĂ©, surtout lorsque nous considĂ©rons une grande partie du rĂ©seau routier sous-jacent avec des donnĂ©es de trafic trĂšs prĂ©cises. Pour cela, nous avons utilisĂ© diffĂ©rentes techniques pour optimiser l'effort de calcul afin de rĂ©soudre le problĂšme en Ă©valuant l'impact engendrĂ© sur la prĂ©cision tout en Ă©vitant la perte de prĂ©cieuses informations. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© deux types d'agrĂ©gation de donnĂ©es couvrant deux niveaux d'information diffĂ©rents. PremiĂšrement, nous avons manipulĂ© la structure du rĂ©seau en rĂ©duisant sa taille, et deuxiĂšmement en contrĂŽlant le niveau d'agrĂ©gation temporel pour gĂ©nĂ©rer les donnĂ©es de trafic et pour dĂ©terminer la vitesse d'un vĂ©hicule Ă  tout moment. Pour la structure du rĂ©seau, nous avons utilisĂ© diffĂ©rentes techniques de rĂ©duction de graphe pour en rĂ©duire la taille. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la valeur et le compromis de l'information spatiale. Les solutions gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es en utilisant le graphe rĂ©duit sont analysĂ©es dans le Chapitre 3 pour Ă©valuer la qualitĂ© et la perte d'information dĂ» Ă  la rĂ©duction. Cette analyse dĂ©montre Ă©galement que la transformation classique du TD-SPVRP en un problĂšme de tournĂ©es dĂ©pendant du temps (Time-dependant VRP - TD-VRP) Ă©quivalent rĂ©sulte en un graphe plus grand qui nĂ©cessite un temps de traitement important ce qui a un impact sur la qualitĂ© de la solution. Notre dĂ©veloppement montre que la rĂ©solution du TD-SPVRP nĂ©cessite en moyenne 1445 secondes tandis que la rĂ©solution du TD-VRP associĂ© nĂ©cessite 41 181 secondes. Garder un haut niveau de prĂ©cision et rĂ©ussir Ă  rĂ©duire la taille du graphe est possible. En particulier, deux procĂ©dures de rĂ©duction ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es, la rĂ©duction des nƓuds et la rĂ©duction des arcs parallĂšles. Les deux techniques rĂ©duisent la taille du graphe. La rĂ©duction des nƓuds conduit Ă  une amĂ©lioration de 1,11%, la rĂ©duction des arcs parallĂšles donne un Ă©cart de 2,57% signifiant la prĂ©sence d'une distorsion dans le graphe rĂ©duit. En ce qui concerne les informations sur le trafic, nous avons analysĂ© les compromis entre une grande quantitĂ© de donnĂ©es trĂšs prĂ©cises et un plus petit volume de donnĂ©es agrĂ©gĂ©es avec une perte potentielle d'information. Ceci est fait en analysant la prĂ©cision des donnĂ©es agrĂ©gĂ©es sous diffĂ©rents modĂšles de dĂ©termination des temps de parcours. Ces approches sont prĂ©sentĂ©es dans le Chapitre 4. Au niveau de la prĂ©vision des temps de parcours, il est important que chaque segment routier ait des observations de vitesse pour chaque intervalle de temps considĂ©rĂ©, ce que nous appelons le niveau de couverture du rĂ©seau. Notre analyse indique qu'une couverture complĂšte du rĂ©seau routier Ă  tout moment de la journĂ©e est nĂ©cessaire pour atteindre un niveau de prĂ©cision Ă©levĂ©. Le recours Ă  une agrĂ©gation Ă©levĂ©e (de grands intervalles de temps) permet de rĂ©duire la taille du problĂšme et d'obtenir une meilleure couverture des donnĂ©es, mais au prix d'une perte d'information. Les modĂšles analysĂ©s, LTM (link travel mode) et FSM (flow speed model), partagent les mĂȘmes performances lorsqu'on utilise un grand intervalle de temps (120, 300 et 600 secondes), donc un niveau d'agrĂ©gation plus Ă©levĂ©, avec un Ă©cart moyen absolu de 5,5% par rapport aux temps de parcours observĂ©s. Cependant, avec une courte pĂ©riode (1, 10, 30 et 60 secondes), FSM fonctionne mieux que LTM. Pour un intervalle d'une seconde, FSM donne un Ă©cart absolu moyen de 6,70%, tandis que LTM fournit un Ă©cart de 11,17%. Ce chapitre dĂ©termine ainsi sous quelles conditions les modĂšles d'estimation de temps de parcours fonctionnent bien et procurent des estimations fidĂšles des temps de parcours rĂ©alisĂ©s. Cette thĂšse est structurĂ©e de la maniĂšre suivante. À la suite d'une introduction gĂ©nĂ©rale dans laquelle nous prĂ©sentons le cadre conceptuel de la thĂšse et son organisation, le Chapitre 1 prĂ©sente une revue de la littĂ©rature pour les deux problĂšmes fondamentaux Ă©tudiĂ©s, le problĂšme de plus court chemin (Shortest path problem - SPP) et le VRP et leurs variantes dĂ©veloppĂ©es au cours des annĂ©es. Le Chapitre 2 introduit une nouvelle variante du VRP, le TD-SPVRP. Le Chapitre 3 prĂ©sente les diffĂ©rentes techniques dĂ©veloppĂ©es pour rĂ©duire la taille du rĂ©seau en manipulant les informations spatiales du rĂ©seau routier. L'impact de ces rĂ©ductions est Ă©valuĂ© et analysĂ© sur des instances rĂ©elles en utilisant plusieurs heuristiques. Le Chapitre 4 traite l'impact de l'agrĂ©gation des donnĂ©es temporelle et des modĂšles d'Ă©valuation des temps de parcours. Le dernier chapitre constitue une conclusion et ouvre des perspectives de recherche relatives Ă  nos travaux.The vehicle routing problem (VRP), introduced more than 60 years ago, is at the core of transportation systems. With decades of development, the VRP is one of the most studied problems in the literature, with a very rich set of variants. Yet, primarily due to the lack of data, two critical assumptions make the VRP fail to adapt effectively to traffic and congestion. The first assumption considers that the travel speed is constant over time ; the second, that each pair of customers is connected by an arc, ignoring the underlying street network. Traffic congestion is one of the biggest challenges in transportation systems. As traffic directly affects transportation activities, the whole supply chain needs to adjust to this factor. The continuous growth of freight in recent years worsens the situation, and a renewed focus on mobility, environment, and city logistics has shed light on these issues. Recently, advances in communications and real-time data acquisition technologies have made it possible to collect vehicle data such as their location, acceleration, driving speed, deceleration, etc. With the availability of this data, one can question the way we define, model, and solve transportation problems. This allows us to overcome the two issues indicated before and integrate congestion information and the whole underlying street network. We start by considering the whole underlying street network, which means we have customer nodes and intermediate nodes that constitute the street network. Then, we model the travel time of each street during the day. By dividing the day into small intervals, up to a precision of a second, we consider precise traffic information. This results in a new problem called the time-dependent shortest path vehicle routing problem (TD-SPVRP), in which we combine the time-dependent shortest path problem (TD-SPP) and the time-dependent VRP (TD-VRP), creating a more general and very challenging problem. The TD-SPVRP is closer to what can be found in real-world conditions, and it constitutes the topic of Chapter 2, where we formulate it as a mixed-integer linear programming model and design a fast and efficient heuristic algorithm to solve this problem. We test it on instances generated from actual traffic data from the road network in QuĂ©bec City, Canada. Results show that the heuristic provides high-quality solutions with an average gap of only 5.66%, while the mathematical model fails to find a solution for any real instance. To solve the challenging problem, we emphasize the importance of a high-performance implementation to improve the speed and the execution time of the algorithms. Still, the problem is huge especially when we work on a large area of the underlying street network alongside very precise traffic data. To this end, we use different techniques to optimize the computational effort to solve the problem while assessing the impact on the precision to avoid the loss of valuable information. Two types of data aggregation are developed, covering two different levels of information. First, we manipulated the structure of the network by reducing its size, and second by controlling the time aggregation level to generate the traffic data, thus the data used to determine the speed of a vehicle at any time. For the network structure, we used different reduction techniques of the road graph to reduce its size. We studied the value and the trade-off of spatial information. Solutions generated using the reduced graph are analyzed in Chapter 3 to evaluate the quality and the loss of information from the reduction. We show that the transformation of the TD-SPVRP into an equivalent TD-VRP results in a large graph that requires significant preprocessing time, which impacts the solution quality. Our development shows that solving the TD-SPVRP is about 40 times faster than solving the related TD-VRP. Keeping a high level of precision and successfully reducing the size of the graph is possible. In particular, we develop two reduction procedures, node reduction and parallel arc reduction. Both techniques reduce the size of the graph, with different results. While the node reduction leads to improved reduction in the gap of 1.11%, the parallel arc reduction gives a gap of 2.57% indicating a distortion in the reduced graph. We analyzed the compromises regarding the traffic information, between a massive amount of very precise data or a smaller volume of aggregated data with some potential information loss. This is done while analyzing the precision of the aggregated data under different travel time models, and these developments appear in Chapter 4. Our analysis indicates that a full coverage of the street network at any time of the day is required to achieve a high level of coverage. Using high aggregation will result in a smaller problem with better data coverage but at the cost of a loss of information. We analyzed two travel time estimation models, the link travel model (LTM) and the flow speed model (FSM). They both shared the same performance when working with large intervals of time (120, 300, and 600 seconds), thus a higher level of aggregation, with an absolute average gap of 5.5% to the observed route travel time. With short periods (1, 10, 30, and 60 seconds), FSM performs better than LTM. For 1 second interval, FSM gives an average absolute gap of 6.70%, while LTM provides a gap of 11.17%. This thesis is structured as follows. After a general introduction in which we present the conceptual framework of the thesis and its organization, Chapter 1 presents the literature review for the two main problems of our development, the shortest path problem (SPP) and the VRP, and their time-dependent variants developed over the years. Chapter 2 introduces a new VRP variant, the TD-SPVRP. Chapter 3 presents the different techniques developed to reduce the size of the network by manipulating spatial information of the road network. The impact of these reductions is evaluated and analyzed on real data instances using multiple heuristics. Chapter 4 covers the impact of time aggregation data and travel time models when computing travel times on the precision of their estimations against observed travel times. The conclusion follows in the last chapter and presents some research perspectives for our works

    2,2-Bis(3-chloro­methyl-4-ethoxy­phen­yl)propane

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    The title compound, C21H26Cl2O2, a bis-chloro­methyl derivative of O-ethyl­ated bis­phenol A, exhibits C 2 mol­ecular symmetry. It shows a bent conformation with the two benzene rings nearly perpendicular [dihedral angle = 87.17 (6)°]

    Analisis Perencanaan Kereta Bandara Internasional Ngurah Rai Berbasis Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART)

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    Bali merupakan wilayah provinsi di Indonesia yang terkenal akan pariwisatanya. Tingginya minat pariwisata di provinsi Bali, mengharuskan pulau ini memiliki aksesibilitas transportasi yang baik seperti moda transportasi udara. Bandara Internasional I Gusti Ngurah Rai memberikan bangkitan perekonomian terhadap kawasan di daerah Bali karena bandara menjadi salah satu akses menuju pulau Bali. Setiap tahunnya, bandara Ngurah rai selalu mengalami peningkatan jumlah penumpang. Meningkatnya jumlah penumpang berakibat pada meningkatnya volume kendaraan di rute Bandara sehingga terjadi kemacetan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan analisis perencanaan transportasi massal yang dapat melayani penumpang dengan baik secara travel time maupun travel cost. Dalam menganalisis perencanaan kereta bandara berbasis Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART) ini, digunakan beberapa langkah. Dimulai dari melihat land use yang ada di provinsi Bali, lalu dilanjutkan dengan penyesuaian ruas rute jalan dengan spesifikasi ART. Selanjutnya ialah menghitung travel time untuk moda mobil penumpang dengan bantuan Google Maps dan Grafik derajat kejenuhan untuk moda ART. Kemudian mencari nilai travel cost dimana didapatkan travel cost untuk moda mobil penumpang mengacu pada jasa GrabCar sedangkan untuk moda ART mengacu pada tarif Bus Listrik Transjakarta. Kemudian dilakukan perbandingan untuk travel time dan travel cost pada kedua moda transportasi sebelum dan sesudah ART dioperasikan sehingga mendapatkan gambaran nilai efektifitas dan efisiensi. Selanjutnya adalah menghitung variasi jumlah penumpang pesawat di bandara Ngurah Rai untuk mendapatkan nilai biaya investasi moda ART. Biaya pembangungan ART mengacu pada proposal pembangungan trackless tram di Australia. Dari hasil studi, diperoleh nilai perbandingan travel time dan travel cost untuk kedua moda transportasi. Perbandingan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa dengan dioperasikannya ART maka dapat mengurangi kemacetan lalu lintas berupa pengurangan jumlah kendaraan bermotor hingga ±63% – 65% dan mempercepat travel time. Selain itu, beroperasinya moda ART dapat mengurangi emisi karbondioksida hingga 43%. Namun, perlu dilakukan perhitungan biaya investasi pembangungan ART yang lebih terperinci untuk mendapatkan nilai biaya yang akurat

    Automation of the configuration process for a transportation management application and the creation of a web application with an integration of an e-Learning solution to offer a new user experience

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    The aim of this study is to provide a customized solution of a transportation management application for small business customers and to replace the manual process used for the creation of the configuration file and for the personalization of the application interface. Also, the customers knowledge gap related to the use of the application needs to be addressed. The final goal of this work is to ameliorate the personalization aspect of the application, solve the knowledge gap problem and offer small business customers a better experience with the transportation management application. In this study, we automatized the personalization process of the application, implemented an E-learning solution and created a new user experience using human computer interfaces principles. This study kicks off a review on E-learning and on web-based training, followed by a detailed study for the proposed E-learning solution. Finally, a prototype is developed to demonstrate the proposed solution and the new user experience

    A new algorithm based CSP framework for RFID network planning

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    International audienceThe huge growth of industrial society requires the deployment of radio frequency identification networks on a large scale. This necessitates the installation of a large number of radio frequency identification components (readers, tags, middleware and others). As a consequence, the cost and complexity of networks are increasing due to the large number of readers to be installed. Finding the optimal number, placement and parameters of readers to provide a high quality of service for radio frequency identification systems is a critical problem. A good planning affords a basic need for radio frequency identification networks, such as coverage, load balance and interference between readers. This problem is famous in the literature as a radio frequency identification network planning problem. All the proposed approaches in the literature have been based on meta-heuristics. In this paper, we design a new algorithm, called the RNP-CSP algorithm based on the constraint satisfaction problem framework to solve the radio frequency identification network planning problem. The performance evaluation shows that the RNP-CSP algorithm is more efficient than PS 2 O , GPSO and VNPSO-RNP

    Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy involves activation of p90 ribosomal S6 Kinase

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    Studies using pharmacological and genetic approaches have shown that increased activity/expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Despite the importance of NHE1 in cardiac hypertrophy, severe cerebrovascular side effects were associated with the use of NHE1 inhibitors when administered to patients with myocardial infarctions. p90 ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK), a downstream regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, has also been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that RSK plays a role in the NHE1 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response. Infection of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with the active form of the NHE1 adenovirus induced hypertrophy and was associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of RSK (P<0.05). Parameters of hypertrophy such as cell area, protein content and atrial natriuretic mRNA expression were significantly reduced in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts infected with active NHE1 in the presence of dominant negative RSK (DN-RSK) (P<0.05). These results confirm that NHE1 lies upstream of RSK. Increased phosphorylation and activation of GATA4 at Ser261 was correlated with increased RSK phosphorylation. This increase was reversed upon inhibition of RSK or NHE1. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the NHE1 mediated hypertrophy is accounted for by increased activation and phosphorylation of RSK, which subsequently increased the phosphorylation of GATA4; eventually activating fetal gene transcriptional machinery.Qatar University Internal Grant (QUUG-CPH-CPH-11/12-1) and by the Undergraduate Research Experience Program (UREP11-027-3-005) provided by the Qatar National Research Fund, Doha, Qatar.Scopu
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