History Of Perkinsus Marinus, A Pathogen Of Oysters In Chesapeake Bay 1950-1984

The pathogen Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) was discovered in Chesapeake Bay in 1950. It was already widely distributed in the Bay and caused annual mortality below the mouth of the Rappahannock River. Annual mortality in trayed oysters at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) varied annually from 24% to 57% at this most favorable site for the disease. Over 2 million bushels of seed oysters from the James River public beds were transplanted annually to private beds in 4 major growing areas. These were Hampton Roads, lower Bay proper, Mobjack Bay at mouth of York River, and the Rappahannock River. The introduction of Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) in 1959 resulted in killing most oysters throughout the Bay, and private planting was abandoned. Extreme dry weather during the decade of the 1980s allowed both diseases to spread widely throughout the Bay, and the oysters became scarce everywhere. MSX retreated to its endemic area below the mouth of the Rappahannock River when salinities returned to average levels. Dermo destroyed oysters in the seed area of the James River, and it has persisted there tenaciously with low mortality. Market-oyster production dropped from 2 to 3 million bushels annually during the 1950s to 6,000 in 1993. No seed oysters are available, and planting of private beds has ceased. Recovery is slow, and the oyster industry in Virginia was destroyed

Cerebral perfusion pressure and brain ischaemia: can one size fit all?

Current recommendations regarding the management of patients after traumatic brain injury include reduction in brain tissue pressure (i.e. intracranial pressure) and maintenance of an adequate arterial pressure; these measures combined should result in cerebral perfusion pressure sufficient to achieve adequate oxygen delivery. After almost 20 years of observational studies comparing cerebral perfusion pressure and indices of cerebral oxygenation, it is apparent that there is no single value for cerebral perfusion pressure that, if achieved, will provide adequate cerebral oxygen delivery in all patients. Traumatic brain injury remains a common problem, and this should encourage researchers and clinicians to design better and adequately powered trials of monitors and associated interventions

Bench-to-bedside review: Hypothermia in traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury remains a major cause of death and severe disability throughout the world. Traumatic brain injury leads to 1,000,000 hospital admissions per annum throughout the European Union. It causes the majority of the 50,000 deaths from road traffic accidents and leaves 10,000 patients severely handicapped: three quarters of these victims are young people. Therapeutic hypothermia has been shown to improve outcome after cardiac arrest, and consequently the European Resuscitation Council and American Heart Association guidelines recommend the use of hypothermia in these patients. Hypothermia is also thought to improve neurological outcome after neonatal birth asphyxia. Cardiac arrest and neonatal asphyxia patient populations present to health care services rapidly and without posing a diagnostic dilemma; therefore, therapeutic systemic hypothermia may be implemented relatively quickly. As a result, hypothermia in these two populations is similar to the laboratory models wherein systemic therapeutic hypothermia is commenced very soon after the injury and has shown so much promise. The need for resuscitation and computerised tomography imaging to confirm the diagnosis in patients with traumatic brain injury is a factor that delays intervention with temperature reduction strategies. Treatments in traumatic brain injury have traditionally focussed on restoring and maintaining adequate brain perfusion, surgically evacuating large haematomas where necessary, and preventing or promptly treating oedema. Brain swelling can be monitored by measuring intracranial pressure (ICP), and in most centres ICP is used to guide treatments and to monitor their success. There is an absence of evidence for the five commonly used treatments for raised ICP and all are potential 'double-edged swords' with significant disadvantages. The use of hypothermia in patients with traumatic brain injury may have beneficial effects in both ICP reduction and possible neuro-protection. This review will focus on the bench-to-bedside evidence that has supported the development of the Eurotherm3235Trial protocol

Indigenous knowledge on climate change adaptation: a global evidence map of academic literature

There is emerging evidence of the important role of indigenous knowledge for climate change adaptation. The necessity to consider different knowledge systems in climate change research has been established in the fifth assessment report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, gaps in author expertise and inconsistent assessment by the IPCC lead to a regionally heterogeneous and thematically generic coverage of the topic. We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed academic literature to support better integration of the existing and emerging research on indigenous knowledge in IPCC assessments. The research question underpinning this scoping review is: How is evidence of indigenous knowledge on climate change adaptation geographically and thematically distributed in the peer-reviewed academic literature? As the first systematic global evidence map of indigenous knowledge in the climate adaptation literature, the study provides an overview of the evidence of indigenous knowledge for adaptation across regions and categorises relevant concepts related to indigenous knowledge and their contexts in the climate change literature across disciplines. The results show knowledge clusters around tropical rural areas, subtropics, drylands, and adaptation through planning and practice and behavioural measures. Knowledge gaps include research in northern and central Africa, northern Asia, South America, Australia, urban areas, and adaptation through capacity building, as well as institutional and psychological adaptation. This review supports the assessment of indigenous knowledge in the IPCC AR6 and also provides a basis for follow-up research, e.g. bibliometric analysis, primary research of underrepresented regions, and review of grey literature

Status and Potential of Single-cell Transcriptomics for Understanding Plant Development and Functional Biology

Funding Information University of Western Australia Acknowledgments The authors would like to extend sincere thanks to Robert Salomon for inspiring to write this manuscript. Resources were provided by The University of Western Australia.Peer reviewedPostprin

Assessment of low-dose cisplatin as a model of nausea and emesis in beagle dogs, potential for repeated administration

Cisplatin is a highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy agent, which is often used to induce nausea and emesis in animal models. The cytotoxic properties of cisplatin also cause adverse events that negatively impact on animal welfare preventing repeated administration of cisplatin. In this study, we assessed whether a low (subclinical) dose of cisplatin could be utilized as a model of nausea and emesis in the dog while decreasing the severity of adverse events to allow repeated administration. The emetic, nausea-like behavior and potential biomarker response to both the clinical dose (70 mg/m2) and low dose (15 mg/m2) of cisplatin was assessed. Plasma creatinine concentrations and granulocyte counts were used to assess adverse effects on the kidneys and bone marrow, respectively. Nausea-like behavior and emesis was induced by both doses of cisplatin, but the latency to onset was greater in the low-dose group. No significant change in plasma creatinine was detected for either dose groups. Granulocytes were significantly reduced compared with baseline (P = 0.000) following the clinical, but not the low-dose cisplatin group. Tolerability of repeated administration was assessed with 4 administrations of an 18 mg/m2 dose cisplatin. Plasma creatinine did not change significantly. Cumulative effects on the granulocytes occurred, they were significantly decreased (P = 0.03) from baseline at 3 weeks following cisplatin for the 4th administration only. Our results suggest that subclinical doses (15 and 18 mg/m2) of cisplatin induce nausea-like behavior and emesis but have reduced adverse effects compared with the clinical dose allowing for repeated administration in crossover studies

Jacobi Polynomials as su(2, 2) Unitary Irreducible Representation

Ver abstrac

'Surely the most natural scenario in the world’: Representations of ‘Family’ in BBC Pre-school Television

Historically, the majority of work on British children’s television has adopted either an institutional or an audience focus, with the texts themselves often overlooked. This neglect has meant that questions of representation in British children’s television – including issues such as family, gender, class or ethnicity - have been infrequently analysed in the UK context. In this article, we adopt a primarily qualitative methodology and analyse the various textual manifestations of ‘family’, group, or community as represented in a selected number of BBC pre-school programmes. In doing so, we question the (limited amount of) international work that has examined representations of the family in children’s television, and argue that nuclear family structures do not predominate in this sphere

Polarized disk emission from Herbig AE/BE stars observed using Gemini planet imager: HD 144432, HD 150193, HD 163296, and HD 169142

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.In order to look for signs of on-going planet formation in young disks, we carried out the first J-band polarized emission imaging of the Herbig Ae/Be stars HD 150193, HD 163296, and HD 169142 using the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI), along with new H band observations of HD 144432. We confirm the complex “double ring” structure for the nearly face-on system HD 169142 first seen in H-band, finding the outer ring to be substantially redder than the inner one in polarized intensity. Using radiative transfer modeling, we developed a physical model that explains the full spectral energy distribution (SED) and J- and H-band surface brightness profiles, suggesting that the di↵erential color of the two rings could come from reddened starlight traversing the inner wall and may not require di↵erences in grain properties. In addition, we clearly detect an elongated, o↵-center ring in HD 163296 (MWC 275), locating the scattering surface to be 18 AU above the midplane at a radial distance of 77 AU, cospatial with a ring seen at 1.3mm by ALMA linked to the CO snow line. Lastly, we report a weak tentative detection of scattered light for HD 150193 (MWC 863) and a non-detection for HD 144432; the stellar companion known for each of these targets has likely disrupted the material in the outer disk of the primary star. For HD 163296 and HD 169142, the prominent outer rings we detect could be evidence for giant planet formation in the outer disk or a manifestation of large-scale dust growth processes possibly related to snow-line chemistry.Exeter’s STFC Consolidated Grant (ST/J001627/1). SK acknowledges support from an STFC Rutherford Fellowship (ST/J004030/1) and a European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant (Grant agreement No 639889). This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory (programs GS-2014A-SV-412, GS-2015A-Q-49), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacin Productiva (Argentina), and Ministrio da Cincia, Tecnologia e Inovao (Brazil)