797 research outputs found
Comparison of simulated longitudinal profiles of hadronic air showers with MASS2 balloon data
The KASKADE and CORSIKA air shower generators are compared to the data
collected by MASS2 balloon experiment in 1991. The test of longitudinal profile
for proton, helium and muon flux production provide good constraints on these
air shower generators. KASKADE and CORSIKA especially with the new simulator
UrQMD for low energies are found to fit these data well. This study is limited
to a comparison of longitudinal profiles and therefore does not provide
constraints on the overall shower development.Comment: to be published in Astroparticle Physic
Effects of herbivory, nutrients, and reef protection on algal proliferation and coral growth on a tropical reef
Maintaining coral reef resilience against increasing anthropogenic disturbance is critical for effective reef management. Resilience is partially determined by how processes, such as herbivory and nutrient supply, affect coral recovery versus macroalgal proliferation following disturbances. However, the relative effects of herbivory versus nutrient enrichment on algal proliferation remain debated. Here, we manipulated herbivory and nutrients on a coral-dominated reef protected from fishing, and on an adjacent macroalgal-dominated reef subject to fishing and riverine discharge, over 152 days. On both reefs, herbivore exclusion increased total and upright macroalgal cover by 9–46 times, upright macroalgal biomass by 23–84 times, and cyanobacteria cover by 0–27 times, but decreased cover of encrusting coralline algae by 46–100% and short turf algae by 14–39%. In contrast, nutrient enrichment had no effect on algal proliferation, but suppressed cover of total macroalgae (by 33–42%) and cyanobacteria (by 71% on the protected reef) when herbivores were excluded. Herbivore exclusion, but not nutrient enrichment, also increased sediment accumulation, suggesting a strong link between herbivory, macroalgal growth, and sediment retention. Growth rates of the corals Porites cylindrica and Acropora millepora were 30–35% greater on the protected versus fished reef, but nutrient and herbivore manipulations within a site did not affect coral growth. Cumulatively, these data suggest that herbivory rather than eutrophication plays the dominant role in mediating macroalgal proliferation, that macroalgae trap sediments that may further suppress herbivory and enhance macroalgal dominance, and that corals are relatively resistant to damage from some macroalgae but are significantly impacted by ambient reef condition
Hund's Rule for Composite Fermions
We consider the ``fractional quantum Hall atom" in the vanishing Zeeman
energy limit, and investigate the validity of Hund's maximum-spin rule for
interacting electrons in various Landau levels. While it is not valid for {\em
electrons} in the lowest Landau level, there are regions of filling factors
where it predicts the ground state spin correctly {\em provided it is applied
to composite fermions}. The composite fermion theory also reveals a
``self-similar" structure in the filling factor range .Comment: 10 pages, revte
From Finite to Infinite Range Order via Annealing: The Causal Architecture of Deformation Faulting in Annealed Close-Packed Crystals
We analyze solid-state phase transformations that occur in zinc-sulfide
crystals during annealing using a random deformation-faulting mechanism with a
very simple interaction between adjacent close-packed double layers. We show
that, through annealing, infinite-range structures emerge from initially
short-range crystal order. That is, widely separated layers carry structurally
significant information and so layer stacking cannot be completely described by
any finite-range Markov process. We compare our results to two experimental
diffraction spectra, finding excellent agreement.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; See
http://www.santafe.edu/projects/CompMech/papers/iro.htm
Breakdown of Particle-Hole Symmetry in the Lowest Landau Level Revealed by Tunneling Spectroscopy
Tunneling measurements on 2D electron gases at high magnetic field reveal a
qualitative difference between the two spin sublevels of the lowest Landau
level. While the tunneling current-voltage characteristic at filling factor
is a single peak shifted from zero bias by a Coulomb pseudogap, the
spectrum at shows a well-resolved double peak structure. This
difference is present regardless of whether and occur at
the same or different magnetic fields. No analogous effect is seen at and 7/2 in the first excited Landau level.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Measurements of the Composite Fermion masses from the spin polarization of 2-D electrons in the region
Measurements of the reflectivity of a 2-D electron gas are used to deduce the
polarization of the Composite Fermion hole system formed for Landau level
occupancies in the regime 1<\nu<2. The measurements are consistent with the
formation of a mixed spin CF system and allow the density of states or
`polarization' effective mass of the CF holes to be determined. The mass values
at \nu=3/2 are found to be ~1.9m_{e} for electron densities of 4.4 x 10^{11}
cm^{-2}, which is significantly larger than those found from measurements of
the energy gaps at finite values of effective magnetic field.Comment: 4 pages, 3 fig
Skyrmion Excitations in Quantum Hall Systems
Using finite size calculations on the surface of a sphere we study the
topological (skyrmion) excitation in quantum Hall system with spin degree of
freedom at filling factors around . In the absence of Zeeman energy, we
find, in systems with one quasi-particle or one quasi-hole, the lowest energy
band consists of states with , where and are the total orbital and
spin angular momentum. These different spin states are almost degenerate in the
thermodynamic limit and their symmetry-breaking ground state is the state with
one skyrmion of infinite size. In the presence of Zeeman energy, the skyrmion
size is determined by the interplay of the Zeeman energy and electron-electron
interaction and the skyrmion shrinks to a spin texture of finite size. We have
calculated the energy gap of the system at infinite wave vector limit as a
function of the Zeeman energy and find there are kinks in the energy gap
associated with the shrinking of the size of the skyrmion. breaking ground
state is the state with one skyrmion of infinite size. In the presence of
Zeeman energy, the skyrmion size is determined by the interplay of the Zeeman
energy and electron-electronComment: 4 pages, 5 postscript figures available upon reques
Universal energy distribution for interfaces in a random field environment
We study the energy distribution function for interfaces in a
random field environment at zero temperature by summing the leading terms in
the perturbation expansion of in powers of the disorder strength,
and by taking into account the non perturbational effects of the disorder using
the functional renormalization group. We have found that the average and the
variance of the energy for one-dimensional interface of length behave as,
, , while the distribution
function of the energy tends for large to the Gumbel distribution of the
extreme value statistics.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, revtex4; the distribution function of the total
and the disorder energy is include
A Bayesian approach to the g-formula
Epidemiologists often wish to estimate quantities that are easy to communicate and correspond to the results of realistic public health interventions. Methods from causal inference can answer these questions. We adopt the language of potential outcomes under Rubin’s original Bayesian framework and show that the parametric g-formula is easily amenable to a Bayesian approach. We show that the frequentist properties of the Bayesian g-formula suggest it improves the accuracy of estimates of causal effects in small samples or when data are sparse. We demonstrate an approach to estimate the effect of environmental tobacco smoke on body mass index among children aged 4–9 years who were enrolled in a longitudinal birth cohort in New York, USA. We provide an algorithm and supply SAS and Stan code that can be adopted to implement this computational approach more generally
Birth rates after radioactive iodine treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer
Treatment with radioactive iodine (RAI) for differentiated thyroid cancer has been associated with alterations in gonadal function in women, including changes in menstrual function and an earlier age at menopause. Our objective was to evaluate associations between RAI and postdiagnosis live birth rates among thyroid cancer survivors diagnosed at ages 15–39 years. We identified women diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer between January 2000 and December 2013 in the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry (CCR). CCR records were linked to state birth certificate files to identify livebirths to thyroid cancer survivors through December 2014. Person-years of follow-up were accrued from 6 months after diagnosis to first birth, 46th birthday, death, or December 31, 2014, whichever came first. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for first livebirth. Among 2,360 women with a differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosis, 53% received RAI. The cumulative incidence of birth at the end of follow-up (maximum 14.5 years) was 30.0 and 29.3% among those who were and were not treated with RAI, respectively. Overall, first birth rates did not significantly differ between groups (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.23). In our observational cohort, treatment with RAI was not associated with a reduced birth rate. Our findings add to the evidence available for counseling thyroid cancer patients with concerns about future fertility
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