11 research outputs found
Emission factors from road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway
Particulate matter emissions from paved roads are currently one of the main challenges for a sustainable transport in Europe. Emissions are scarcely estimated due to the lack of knowledge about the resuspension process severely hampering a reliable simulation of PM and heavy metals concentrations in large cities and evaluation of population exposure. In this study the Emission Factors from road dust resuspension on a Mediterranean freeway were estimated per single vehicle category and PM component (OC, EC, mineral dust and metals) by means of the deployment of vertical profiles of passive samplers and terminal concentration estimate. The estimated PM10 emission factors varied from 12 to 47 mg VKT?1 (VKT: Vehicle Kilometer Traveled) with an average value of 22.7 ? 14.2 mg VKT?1. Emission Factors for heavy and light duty vehicles, passenger cars and motorbikes were estimated, based on average fleet composition and EPA ratios, in 187e733 mg VKT?1, 33e131 VKT?1, 9.4e36.9 VKT?1 and 0.8e3.3 VKT?1, respectively. These range of values are lower than previous estimates in Mediterranean urban roads, probably due to the lower dust reservoir on freeways. PM emitted material was dominated by mineral dust (9e10 mg VKT?1), but also OC and EC were found to be major components and approximately 14 e25% and 2e9% of average PM exhaust emissions from diesel passenger cars on highways respectively
Erosión y desertificación.-Simple passive methods for the assessment of the directional and vertical distributions of wind-blown particulates
ABSTRACT
We have designed and tested two types of passive collectors to study aeolian erosion in the
field. The first passive sampler is a sticky pad that allows for directional particulate
assessment by an automatic particle counting procedure. The second one features an omnidirectional
capture opening, and mass of retained particles is gravimetrically quantified.
Vertical arrays of these passive collectors have been constructed to obtain vertical profiles of
the horizontal particle flux as a function of soil properties, nearby sources and wind speed.
We present some first results from field campaigns
African and local wind-blown dust contributions at three rural sites in SE Spain: the aerosol size distribution
The entrainment of particulate material into the atmosphere by wind action on surface soils
both disturbed and natural, as well as directly due to human activities like agricultural
practices, mineral industry operations, construction works and traffic, is a significant
contribution to the aerosol load in Mediterranean semi-arid areas. A further crustal
contribution in the region comes from the frequent arrival of African mineral dust plumes.
We summarize some of the results obtained after 4-6 -month campaigns at three rural sites
in SE Spain where the aerosol number size distribution (31 size bins between 0.25 and 32
μm) was continuously measured. The influence of both local wind speed and the arrival of air
masses loaded with African dust on the airborne particulate distribution is assessed.
Similarities and differences between the three locations give information that allows a better
understanding of the influence of both local wind speed and African dust outbreaks (ADO),
while highlight what is mostly related to local features
The western Mediterranean basin as an aged aerosols reservoir. Insights from an old-fashioned but efficient radiotracer
The long-term contemporary 210Pb time series acquired during the period 2004-2011 at two distant sites of different altitude in the Mediterranean basin, El Arenosillo (40 m a.s.l. in southwestern Spain) and Mt. Cimone (2165 m a.s.l. in northern Italy), are analyzed and compared. Besides being considered a tracer of continental air masses, 210Pb radionuclide is also a proxy of fine stable aerosol. For this reason, the measurements of PM10 mass concentrations collected at the same time and the corresponding 210Pb/PM10 ratio at the two sites are considered to gain better insights into the origin and size of the particles.
Three statistical trajectory methods are applied to identify and characterize the 210Pb source regions at the two sites. The three methods yield similar outcomes in the source identification, which strengthens the robustness of our results. In addition to the importance of the transport from areas of continental Europe, this study highlights the relevant role of the Mediterranean Sea as a major 210Pb reservoir layer associated to the aged air masses that accumulate in the western Mediterranean basin. The analysis of the sources points out the significant influence of northern Africa to 210Pb increases at both sites as well, even though the most intensive episodes are not of Saharan origin
Sources of the seasonal-trend behaviour and periodicity modulation of 7Be air concentration in the atmospheric surface layer observed in southeastern Spain
The components and the periodicity characterising airborne 7Be monthly concentration collected in Granada (SE Spain) between 2000 and 2018 are studied. These 19 years of measurements are particularly significant for the 7Be analysis as they cover the complete 24th solar cycle, 2008–2018.
A Time Series Decomposition (TSD) technique has been applied to determine the different components present in the dataset: the trend, seasonal and irregular components. Then, the atmospheric parameters (Precipitation (Pp), Relative Humidity (RH), Temperature (Temp), Wind speed (WS), Total Cloudiness (TC), Low Cloudiness (LC)), teleconnection indices and the solar activity (Sun Spot Number, SSN) were used to justify the variability of each component.
SSN and the teleconnection indices (Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO)) are found to have a major impact on the trend component of 7Be. In turn, all the atmospheric parameters were found to have strong impact on the seasonal component.
In order to observe the change in the impact of the parameters from the 24th solar cycle (from 2008 to 2018) to the complete time series (starting in 2000), the comparison between the two periods has been carried out. The results show that, over the 24th solar cycle, the SSN impacted predominantly on the trend component, whereas atmospheric parameters showed a slightly higher impact on the seasonal component. In addition, some atmospheric factors (Temp, RH, Pp, TC, LC) appeared to partially affect the irregular component.
The analysis of the two phases of the 24th solar cycle shows that the influence of SSN is higher during the descending phase than during the ascending one. This behaviour is opposed to the one found for the 23rd solar cycle, which clarifies the special characteristics of the 24th cycle.
Besides that, the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) analysis was applied in order to extract the possible periodicities characterising 7Be data. The analysis revealed three sets of periodicities. Then, the Wavelet Coherence Analysis (WCA) method was particularly useful to study coherences between 7Be data and teleconnection indices. The 7Be concentrations in the large period (11–14 years) detected by CWT was found to be mainly modulated by WeMO, AMO and QBO, while the NAO modulates the smaller periods
Source apportionment of PM10 in Paris: a focus on traffic resuspension
Gaining knowledge on the process of particle resuspension from urban paved roads is of particular importance considering the increasing relevance of this source in urban air quality management and the lack of basic information on emission factors and source contributions. In this study (Amato et al., 2016) we performed extensive field measurements for the quantification of the emission factors from different types of road in the city of Paris, and investigated the causes of their variability and the contributions to the ambient air PM10 observed across one year at one traffic monitoring site in the ring road of Paris (Figure 1). Results show agreement between lower road dust loadings (RD10: 0.7-2.2 mg m-2) and emission factors (5.4-9.0 mg vehicle-1 km-1) at inner-roads of Paris, compared to the ring road (2.4 mg m-2 and 17 mg vehicle-1 km-1, respectively, Table 1), where the two parameters are estimated independently. The higher values in the ring road were likely caused by the poor state of pavement and higher share of heavy duty vehicles. Road wear, brake wear and a carbonaceous source, were almost equally responsible for 96% of RD10. At the traffic monitoring site located at the ring road (220,000 vehicle/day), the contributions of road dust emissions were estimated by receptor modelling to be 13% of PM10 on an annual mean (6.3 μg m-3), while the sum of vehicle exhaust and wear accounted for 47%) resulting in a total traffic contribution of 60% of PM10 (Figure 2). Road salting resulted to be a minor contributor (1% of annual mean) also in winter time (2%)..
ON THE POSSIBLE CONNECTION BETWEEN AFRICAN DUST OUTBREAKS AND STRATOSPHERE-TO-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE AS MEASURED IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
The FRESA (\u201cImpacto de las intrusiones de masas de aire
con polvo aFRicano y de masas de aire EStratosf\ue9rico en
la Pen\uednsula Ib\ue9rica. Influencia de El Atlas\u201d) Spanish
national project aims to study the interaction between
upper level disturbances and the Atlas Mountains in
promoting low-level instability and cyclone formation in
the lee of the Atlas Mountains, responsible of dust uplift
over the Sahara Desert and also of upper tropospherelower
stratosphere (UT-LS) to troposphere transport.
This work presents an overview of the results obtained
during a preliminary campaign of the FRESA project
(June-October 2016) at Sierra Nevada (Granada)
(37.096 N, 3.387 W, 2550 m a.s.l.) analysing weekly
samples of 7Be, 210Pb (tracers of UTLS and continental
origin, respectively) and PM10, as well as hourly particle
number size distribution from a Grimm OPC. 96-hour 3D
backward trajectories starting every 6 h (00, 06, 12, and
18Z) were calculated using the HYSPLIT4 model with the
meteorological input from the ERA-Interim 0.5 deg
meteorological dataset. Moreover, potential vorticity
(PV) data was associated to each of the 96 trajectory
endpoints by performing a 3D nearest-neighbour
interpolation to the 27 isobaric levels between 100 and
1000 hPa of the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
During this pre-campaign, 12 Saharan dust and 14
stratospheric intrusions days were identified analysing
back-trajectories, BSC-DREAM model, particle number
concentrations and synoptic charts: the meteorological
situation leading to these outbreaks will be further
studied in detail. The analysis of the source-receptor
relationship for 7
Be, 210Pb and PM10 shows the influence
of the Sahara Desert and of air parcels which passed over
the North Sea with strong subsidence and then at lower
heights over the western Mediterranean basin on all the
three parameters. The analysis also shows that the
Atlantic air masses are more associated to 7
Be than 210Pb
increases. The fine and coarse fractions (smaller and
larger than 1 \ub5m in diameter) were analysed on both a
weekly and 6-hourly basis. Locations to the south of the
Atlas and the western Mediterranean were identified as
important sources of the coarse fraction while the origin
of the fine fraction was quite similar to that of 7
Be,
probably because of the attachment of 7
Be nuclide to
accumulation-mode aerosols soon after its production.
The comparison between 7
Be/210Pb potential sources
with those of high PV crossing shows that the Atlas is
connected both to events of high PV values and to a
strong PSCF probability of the 7
Be/210Pb ratio. This result
suggests that the high PV areas located around the Atlas
Mountains are not linked to friction and turbulence over
the mountains themselves, but are rather associated to
tropopause crossing and Stratosphere-TroposphereExchange
(STE) occurring in the leeward side of mountain
ranges, in agreement with the recent work of Brattich et
al. (submitted).
This work was supported by the Spanish MINECO under
grant CGL2015-70741-R (FRESA).
Brattich et al. (submitted to JGR), Influence of
stratospheric air masses on radiotracers and ozone
over the central Mediterranean
ON THE POSSIBLE CONNECTION BETWEEN AFRICAN DUST OUTBREAKS AND STRATOSPHERE-TO-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE AS MEASURED IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
The FRESA (\u201cImpacto de las intrusiones de masas de aire
con polvo aFRicano y de masas de aire EStratosf\ue9rico en
la Pen\uednsula Ib\ue9rica. Influencia de El Atlas\u201d) Spanish
national project aims to study the interaction between
upper level disturbances and the Atlas Mountains in
promoting low-level instability and cyclone formation in
the lee of the Atlas Mountains, responsible of dust uplift
over the Sahara Desert and also of upper tropospherelower
stratosphere (UT-LS) to troposphere transport.
This work presents an overview of the results obtained
during a preliminary campaign of the FRESA project
(June-October 2016) at Sierra Nevada (Granada)
(37.096 N, 3.387 W, 2550 m a.s.l.) analysing weekly
samples of 7Be, 210Pb (tracers of UTLS and continental
origin, respectively) and PM10, as well as hourly particle
number size distribution from a Grimm OPC. 96-hour 3D
backward trajectories starting every 6 h (00, 06, 12, and
18Z) were calculated using the HYSPLIT4 model with the
meteorological input from the ERA-Interim 0.5 deg
meteorological dataset. Moreover, potential vorticity
(PV) data was associated to each of the 96 trajectory
endpoints by performing a 3D nearest-neighbour
interpolation to the 27 isobaric levels between 100 and
1000 hPa of the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
During this pre-campaign, 12 Saharan dust and 14
stratospheric intrusions days were identified analysing
back-trajectories, BSC-DREAM model, particle number
concentrations and synoptic charts: the meteorological
situation leading to these outbreaks will be further
studied in detail. The analysis of the source-receptor
relationship for 7
Be, 210Pb and PM10 shows the influence
of the Sahara Desert and of air parcels which passed over
the North Sea with strong subsidence and then at lower
heights over the western Mediterranean basin on all the
three parameters. The analysis also shows that the
Atlantic air masses are more associated to 7
Be than 210Pb
increases. The fine and coarse fractions (smaller and
larger than 1 \ub5m in diameter) were analysed on both a
weekly and 6-hourly basis. Locations to the south of the
Atlas and the western Mediterranean were identified as
important sources of the coarse fraction while the origin
of the fine fraction was quite similar to that of 7
Be,
probably because of the attachment of 7
Be nuclide to
accumulation-mode aerosols soon after its production.
The comparison between 7
Be/210Pb potential sources
with those of high PV crossing shows that the Atlas is
connected both to events of high PV values and to a
strong PSCF probability of the 7
Be/210Pb ratio. This result
suggests that the high PV areas located around the Atlas
Mountains are not linked to friction and turbulence over
the mountains themselves, but are rather associated to
tropopause crossing and Stratosphere-TroposphereExchange
(STE) occurring in the leeward side of mountain
ranges, in agreement with the recent work of Brattich et
al. (submitted).
This work was supported by the Spanish MINECO under
grant CGL2015-70741-R (FRESA).
Brattich et al. (submitted to JGR), Influence of
stratospheric air masses on radiotracers and ozone
over the central Mediterranean
UPPER-LEVEL DISTURBANCES AND THE IMPACT OF DUST OUTBREAKS IN SPAIN
The interaction between upper-level disturbances and
major orographic features in north-western Africa is a
key element for cyclogenesis and the development of
convective storms, which promote instability at lower
levels and lead to dust mobilization. It may also induce
stratospheric to tropospheric exchange. The analysis of
these processes and their subsequent impact over the
Iberian Peninsula (IP) is the objective of the FRESA
(\u201cImpacto de las intrusiones de masas de aire con polvo
aFRicano y de masas de aire EStratosf\ue9rico en la
Pen\uednsula Ib\ue9rica. Influencia de El Atlas\u201d) research
project.
After a long term (2004-2016) analysis of jet streams in
NW Africa and the analysis of a number of representative
cases, in this work we present a description of the largescale
meteorological processes leading to massive dust
mobilization in NW Africa and transport to the IP after
passing over the Saharan Atlas for three episodes
(October 2008, September 2007, and February 2016).
The three events had a strong impact either at the
ground level or in the vertical. Contrarily to most of
African events over the IP, none of these events occurred
during the summertime, when African dust outbreaks
are more common but the jet streams are by far less
frequent over the study area. The interaction of upperlevel
troughs and cut-off lows with the Atlas Mountains
as well as the interaction of tropical plumes and/or the
subtropical jet with the Hoggar Massif were the largescale
relevant processes, but the precise location of the
meteorological features is found to be crucial as
indicated by the differences among the three episodes.
In the case of October 2008, a cut-off low moving
westwards over the Atlas was the cause of both dust
mobilization (cold pool and density current formation,
leading to a haboob that ran parallel to the SE slope of
the Atlas) and transport to the IP. On September 2007, a
low to the SW of St. Vincent Cape in combination with
the North African high advected dust to the IP at mid-low
tropospheric altitude after mobilization due to moist
convection produced to the SW and N of the Hoggar. On
February 2016, three main synoptic features at midupper
levels were involved: a cut-off low to the SW of St.
Vincent Cape, which was mostly responsible for the dust
advection to the IP during the first part of the event; a
tropical moist plume accompanied by an intense southwesterly
subtropical jet streak that interacted with the
Hoggar and triggered the instability at low levels; and the
North African high (extended to the north when the
trough was cut-off and the polar front jet retreated
northwards) which advected the dust laden air masses to
the east of the IP in the second part of the event. The
analysis of back-trajectories calculated at multiple
heightsfor the event of February 2016 in connection with
aerodrome present-weather reports and satellite
observations shows the orographic uplifting of the dust
laden flows in the southern slope of the Saharan Atlas
and their entrance into the IP at mid-low levels, in good
agreement with the backscatter coefficient profiles of
the CEAMA (Granada) ceilometer (Cazorla et al.,
submitted).
This work was supported by the Spanish MINECO under
grant CGL2015-70741-R (FRESA).
Cazorla et al. (submitted to ACP), Near real time
processing of ceilometer network data:
characterizing and extraordinary dust outbreak over
the Iberian Peninsula