Hopewell Archeology: Volume 1, Number 1, May 1995

1. Editorial Policy and Numbering Procedure This newsletter is intended to provide an informal forum for distributing and exchanging news about research, data, interpretation, public education, and events relating to Hopewell archeology in the Ohio River valley. It will promote the study of Hopewell archeology, cooperation between researchers, and public education about Hopewell archeology. The Newsletter is a joint effort of the Midwest Archeological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska and Hopewell Culture National Historical Park in Chillicothe, Ohio. Hopewell Archeology is published twice a year, and is numbered consecutively. Hopewell Archeology publishes short news items, book reviews, short research papers and research notes relating to Hopewell archeology in the Ohio River valley. Information about other Middle Woodland cultures that relate to the Hopewell will also be considered for publication. Items for potential inclusion to the newsletter may be submitted to either office. 2. From the Editor, Mark J. Lynott When I first visited Ross County in 1978, I felt very fortunate to get to see some of the Hopewell sites which are so well known in North American archeology. I was very impressed with the number, size and configuration of the earthworks that had been described by Squier and Davis in 1848. At that time, the National Park Service was involved in what they called a new area study of the Hopeton Earthworks. The Hopeton Earthworks was recommended for inclusion in the National Park System as an important manifestation of the Hopewell culture, and because the Hopewell culture remains a fascinating and important part of humanity\u27s past. 3. 1992 Legislation Means Change On May 27, 1992, Public Law 102-294 mandated significant changes for Mound City Group National Monument and Hopewell archeology. In addition to changing the name of Mound City Group National Monument to Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, it expands the boundary of the park to include: a. additions to Hopeton Earthworks, b. High Banks Works, c. Hopewell Mound Group, d. Seip Earthworks. 4. Profile of an Archeologist: Bret J. Ruby On January 23, 1995, Bret J. Ruby started a new phase in his life when he began his duties as Park Archeologist at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Bret was hired as part of the National Park Service\u27s Cultural Resources Professionalization Initiative. This initiative is designed to improve cultural resource management in the parks by increasing the number of professionals assigned to park staffs. 5. Research Notes Hopeton In August, 1994, Mark Lynott (NPS) directed a crew from the Midwest Archeological Center in test excavations. The testing was conducted in the area where the parallel walls entered the floodplain of the Scioto River. Fifteen square meters were excavated, and a light scatter of habitation debris was found across the entire landform. A single pit feature containing firecracked rock, macrobotanical remains, and a small amount of lithic debris was exposed. Analysis of this material is ongoing at the Midwest Archeological Center. Further studies relating to Hopeton will continue in 1995. 6. 1995 Research at the Hopeton Earthworks The National Park Service and The Ohio State University are planning a cooperative research program at a site near the Hopeton Earthworks. The site is located on lands owned by the Chillicothe Sand and Gravel Company, who have agreed to make the site available for research. The Ohio State University will offer a fieldschool in archeological methods, and the National Park Service will provide equipment and personnel to participate in the research. The project will begin June 19, 1995 and continue through July 25, 1995. The National Park Service plans to sponsor a series of public lectures in association with the field school. 7. Recent Archeological Explorations at the Newark Earthworks By Dr. Bradley Lepper of the Ohio Historical Society In 1815, Robert Walsh, Jr. made a map of the Newark Earthworks which represents one of the earliest efforts to record the grand complex of Hopewellian geometric enclosures in the Raccoon Creek valley. This map, while neither remarkably accurate, nor complete, is significant for historical reasons certainly, but also because Walsh made observations which document features not noted by previous or subsequent students of the Newark Works. Recent developments at Octagon State Memorial afforded the opportunity for archeologists from the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) to look for surviving traces of one of these features. 8. Ceramic Compositional Analysis 9. Hopewell Archeology at the British Museum 10. Education: Reaching Out to Schools 11. Investigations at the Flint Ridge State Memorial, Ohio, 1987-1988 By Richard W. Yerkes, Ohio State University 12. Meeting and Events Calende

Hopewell Archeology: Volume 1, Number 1, May 1995

1. Editorial Policy and Numbering Procedure This newsletter is intended to provide an informal forum for distributing and exchanging news about research, data, interpretation, public education, and events relating to Hopewell archeology in the Ohio River valley. It will promote the study of Hopewell archeology, cooperation between researchers, and public education about Hopewell archeology. The Newsletter is a joint effort of the Midwest Archeological Center in Lincoln, Nebraska and Hopewell Culture National Historical Park in Chillicothe, Ohio. Hopewell Archeology is published twice a year, and is numbered consecutively. Hopewell Archeology publishes short news items, book reviews, short research papers and research notes relating to Hopewell archeology in the Ohio River valley. Information about other Middle Woodland cultures that relate to the Hopewell will also be considered for publication. Items for potential inclusion to the newsletter may be submitted to either office. 2. From the Editor, Mark J. Lynott When I first visited Ross County in 1978, I felt very fortunate to get to see some of the Hopewell sites which are so well known in North American archeology. I was very impressed with the number, size and configuration of the earthworks that had been described by Squier and Davis in 1848. At that time, the National Park Service was involved in what they called a new area study of the Hopeton Earthworks. The Hopeton Earthworks was recommended for inclusion in the National Park System as an important manifestation of the Hopewell culture, and because the Hopewell culture remains a fascinating and important part of humanity\u27s past. 3. 1992 Legislation Means Change On May 27, 1992, Public Law 102-294 mandated significant changes for Mound City Group National Monument and Hopewell archeology. In addition to changing the name of Mound City Group National Monument to Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, it expands the boundary of the park to include: a. additions to Hopeton Earthworks, b. High Banks Works, c. Hopewell Mound Group, d. Seip Earthworks. 4. Profile of an Archeologist: Bret J. Ruby On January 23, 1995, Bret J. Ruby started a new phase in his life when he began his duties as Park Archeologist at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Bret was hired as part of the National Park Service\u27s Cultural Resources Professionalization Initiative. This initiative is designed to improve cultural resource management in the parks by increasing the number of professionals assigned to park staffs. 5. Research Notes Hopeton In August, 1994, Mark Lynott (NPS) directed a crew from the Midwest Archeological Center in test excavations. The testing was conducted in the area where the parallel walls entered the floodplain of the Scioto River. Fifteen square meters were excavated, and a light scatter of habitation debris was found across the entire landform. A single pit feature containing firecracked rock, macrobotanical remains, and a small amount of lithic debris was exposed. Analysis of this material is ongoing at the Midwest Archeological Center. Further studies relating to Hopeton will continue in 1995. 6. 1995 Research at the Hopeton Earthworks The National Park Service and The Ohio State University are planning a cooperative research program at a site near the Hopeton Earthworks. The site is located on lands owned by the Chillicothe Sand and Gravel Company, who have agreed to make the site available for research. The Ohio State University will offer a fieldschool in archeological methods, and the National Park Service will provide equipment and personnel to participate in the research. The project will begin June 19, 1995 and continue through July 25, 1995. The National Park Service plans to sponsor a series of public lectures in association with the field school. 7. Recent Archeological Explorations at the Newark Earthworks By Dr. Bradley Lepper of the Ohio Historical Society In 1815, Robert Walsh, Jr. made a map of the Newark Earthworks which represents one of the earliest efforts to record the grand complex of Hopewellian geometric enclosures in the Raccoon Creek valley. This map, while neither remarkably accurate, nor complete, is significant for historical reasons certainly, but also because Walsh made observations which document features not noted by previous or subsequent students of the Newark Works. Recent developments at Octagon State Memorial afforded the opportunity for archeologists from the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) to look for surviving traces of one of these features. 8. Ceramic Compositional Analysis 9. Hopewell Archeology at the British Museum 10. Education: Reaching Out to Schools 11. Investigations at the Flint Ridge State Memorial, Ohio, 1987-1988 By Richard W. Yerkes, Ohio State University 12. Meeting and Events Calende

Hopewell Archeology: Volume 2 , Number 1, October 1996

1. From the Editor, Mark J. Lynott We apologize for the delay in getting this issue of the Newsletter together. The government furlough put all of us in the National Park Service behind, and we are still trying to catch up. Despite the delay, we hope you will find this issue of interest. The focus of this issue is on the value of archeology as an education tool. During the last three summers, the Midwest Archeological Center has worked with the Milton Hersey School in Hersey, Pennsylvania to offer high school students the opportunity to participate in an archeological project. This valuable experience (both for the students and for National Park Service archeologists) has been possible, because the organizer for the Milton Hersey School is also a former employee of the Midwest Archeological Center. I met Randy Farmer in 1983 when he enrolled with fifteen other students in a fieldschool we offered through the Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The fieldschool was held at Ozark National Scenic Riverways in southeast Missouri, and most of the students were enthralled by the scenery and the thrill of archeology. Following that summer, Randy came to work at the Midwest Archeological Center on a part-time basis until he finished his B.A. in Anthropology. He then worked with us as a full-time employee, until he decided to return to school and fulfill the requirements for his teaching certificate. 2. The National Park Service and High School Archeology By Randy Farmer I became a social studies teacher for three reasons. One, I believed in the importance of understanding and appreciating history and prehistory. Two, I believed in the idea that hands on and innovative ways of teaching were critical to the future of our young people. Three, I wanted to show more people the value of archaeological research in the world today. This article describes a program I have developed to satisfy my need to improve public understanding and support for archeological study and preservation. 3.Toolesboro Mounds, Iowa, National Historic Landmark Study A recent study by the Office of the State Archaeologist of Iowa with the support of the State Historical Society of Iowa and funds provided by the National Park Service, has resulted in a new report on the Middle Woodland mounds at Toolesboro, Louisa County, Iowa. This report includes a history of the mound investigations conducted primarily by the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences in 1875 and 1886, an analysis of the 89 extant artifacts from the mounds currently curated by the Putnam Museum in Davenport (successor to the Davenport Academy), and interpretations regarding mortuary behavior and related activities based on surviving archival evidence. 4. Current Research on the Goodall Focus On August 23, 1996, Mark Schurr hosted an informal workshop on the Goodall focus at the Archaeology Laboratory, University of Notre Dame. The meeting was held in the recently remodeled laboratories and classrooms assigned to the archaeology program at the University of Notre Dame. 5. Reviews By Bret J. Ruby, National Park Service, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Exploring Prehistoric Mounds on the Rix Mills-High Hill Divide: The Archaeology of the Wilds and Vicinity, Southeastern Muskingum County, Ohio. Jeff Carskadden, Jeff Brown and Gary Felumlee. Published by The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville, Ohio, in cooperation with The International Center for the Preservation of Wild Animals, 1995; 102 pp., 49 photographs, 10 maps, 4 tables, references; $20.00 (paper). 6. Meeting Calendar Midwest Archaeological Conference, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, October 9-12, 1996, contact Robert J. Salzer, Beloit College, (608) 363-2616. Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Sheraton Civic Center, Birmingham, AL, November 6- 9, 1996, contact Ian Brown, (205) 348-9742. Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Corpus Christi, Texas, January 8-12, 1997, contact David Carlson and Shawn Carlson, Texas A&M University, (409) 847-9248. Society for American Archaeology, Annual Meeting, Nashville, Tennessee, April 2-6, 1997, contact Society for American Archaeology, (202) 789-8200. Ohio Archaeological Council, Fall Meeting, Ohio Historical Center, Columbus, OH, November 15, 1996. Ohio Archaeological Council, Spring Meeting, Symposium on Adena, Chillicothe Comfort Inn, May 9-10, 1997

Hopewell Archeology: Volume 5, Number 1, June 2002

1. Preliminary Report, 2001 Investigations, Hopeton Earthworks Although the Hopewell mounds and earthworks of Ross County, Ohio, have been well known to the scientific community for more than 150 years, many simple and basic questions have yet to be answered about the sites, and about the people and culture who built them. Early archeological research focused on mounds and mortuary behavior (e.g., Squier and Davis 1848; Thomas 1894; Mills 1922; Moorehead 1922) and yielded a great deal of information about the artistic and ritual aspects of Hopewell life. Recent trends in Hopewell research have emphasized settlement pattern analysis and the relationships of the larger mound and earthwork sites to smaller villages and hamlets (Dancey and Pacheco 1997; Pacheco 1996). Comparisons among the large mound and earthwork sites have demonstrated some broad general similarities, but the structure and configuration of most sites are surprisingly diverse. The most thoughtful attempts to build broad explanatory models about the Hopewell world continue to be plagued by a lack of understanding about the chronology, structure, and function of individual earthwork sites. We believe this can be overcome with sustained, multi-year studies of individual earthwork sites. The Midwest Archeological Center has initiated a long-term study of the Hopeton Earthworks. This paper summarizes the results of research conducted in 2001. Research Area 2. The John L. Cotter Award for Excellence in National Park Service Archeology PREFACE: In honor of his long and distinguished career and his pioneering contributions to professional archeology within the National Park System, this unofficial annual award was established by agency staff as inspiration for student and professional archeologists to continue Dr. John L. Cotter’s model of excellence. PURPOSE: To recognize a specific archeological project within a unit of the National Park System, conducted by National Park Service staff, cooperator, permittee, or consultant as guided by senior National Park Service staff archeologist(s), each fiscal year, which meets or exceeds the criteria below. AWARD: The selected project lead person(s) will receive a commemorative non-monetary award and certificate bearing name(s) of principal investigator(s), project dates and field unit name. Presentation of award shall be at a suitable gathering of NPS archeological staff, followed by a brief project presentation. The award will be announced through official NPS public affairs channels. 3. Reply to Mark Lynott’s Review of Mysteries of the Hopewell In the previous issue of Hopewell Archeology (Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 8-9) Dr. Mark Lynott reviewed Mysteries of the Hopewell: Astronomers, Geometers, and Magicians of the Eastern Woodlands by William F. Romain. Mr. Romain’s response to the review is presented here. 4. Meeting Calendar Midwest Archaeological Conference 48th Annual Meeting October 3-6, 2002 Ramada Hotel and Conference Center, Columbus, Ohio. Conference information is available at Southeastern Archaeological Conference 59th Annual Meeting November 6-9, 2002 Beau Rivage Resort and Casino, Biloxi, Mississippi. Conference information is available at Forthcoming The next issue of Hopewell Archeology will feature the discovery of a new earthen circle at the Hopewell site and an update on the continuing research at the Hopeton Earthworks. We are always looking for short contributions relating to Hopewell archeology. Potential authors should contact the editor. 5. Detecting the Shriver Circle Earthwork, Ross County, Ohio Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis surveyed the Mound City Group area over 150 years ago. Although primarily interested in this earthwork complex, with its more than 20 mounds surrounded by a low embankment, their map also depicted an oblong circular enclosure located less than 1,500 feet from Mound City’s southern embankment wall. Named after Henry Shriver, owner of the surrounding farmland in the mid-1800s, the Shriver Circle consists of a large circular embankment flanked by an exterior ditch (Figure 1). Six gateways break the circumference of the circle, which has a diameter exceeding 1,000 feet. In the 1840s, the embankment measured 5 feet high and 25 feet wide at the base, while the ditch was 4 feet deep and 20 feet wide (Squier and Davis 1848:Plate XIX). Reference Cite

The relationship between gambling advertising and gambling attitudes, intentions and behaviours:a critical and meta-analytic review

Gambling advertising has become ubiquitous in westernised countries in the last two decades, yet there is little understanding of the relationship between exposure to gambling advertising and gambling attitudes, intentions and behaviour. We conduct a critical and meta-analytic review of the past two decades of empirical research. The research suggests a positive association between exposure to gambling advertising and gambling-related attitudes, intentions and behaviour. The association is greatest for gambling behaviour. There is some evidence for a dose-response relationship. The quality and breadth of research on gambling advertising are weaker than those in comparable areas (e.g., alcohol, tobacco), with an absence of longitudinal and experimental studies. Gaps in, and methodological problems with, the field are discussed, and research directions recommended

Utilizing "Omic" technologies to identify and prioritize novel sources of resistance to the oomycete pathogen <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> in potato germplasm collections

The biggest threat to potato production world-wide is late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A screen of 126 wild diploid Solanum accessions from the Commonwealth Potato Collection (CPC) with P. infestans isolates belonging to the genotype 13-A2 identified resistances in the species S. bulbocastanum, S. capsicibaccatum, S. microdontum, S. mochiquense, S. okadae, S. pinnatisectum, S. polyadenium, S. tarijense and S. verrucosum. Effector-omics, allele mining and diagnostic RenSeq (dRenSeq) were utilized to investigate the nature of resistances in S. okadae accessions. dRenSeq in resistant S. okadae accessions 7129, 7625, 3762 and a bulk of 20 resistant progeny confirmed the presence of full-length Rpi-vnt1.1 under stringent mapping conditions and corroborated allele mining results in the accessions 7129 and 7625 as well as Avr-vnt1 recognition in transient expression assays. In contrast, susceptible S. okadae accession 3761 and a bulk of 20 susceptible progeny lacked sequence homology in the 5’ end compared to the functional Rpi-vnt1.1 gene. Further evaluation of S. okadae accessions with late blight isolates that have a broad spectrum of virulence demonstrated that, although S. okadae accessions 7129, 7625 and 7629 contain functional Rpi-vnt1.1, they also carry a novel resistance gene. We provide evidence that existing germplasm collection are important sources of novel resistances and that ‘omic’ technologies such as dRenSeq-based genomics and effector-omics are efficacious tools to rapidly explore the diversity within these collections

Footprints- In the Footprints of Squier and Davis: Archeological Fieldwork in Ross County, Ohio

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements....................................................................iList of Tables...................................................................vii List of Figures...................................................................ix Contributors .........................................................................xiii Chapter 1 In the Footprints of Squier and Davis : Archeological Fieldwork in Ross County, Ohio Mark J. Lynott................................................................................1 Previous Studies in Ohio ...................................................1 Hopewell Studies Today ................................................................4 Recent Field Research ..........................................................................6 Goal of this Volume ................................................................................12 Chapter 2 In Non-mound Space at the Hopewell Mound Group Jennifer Pederson Weinberger .........................................13 Geophysical Survey .......................................................15Western Village Area.....................................................................16 Near the East Village .....................................................................18 Central Area ............................................................................19 Discussion .......................................................................................19 Chapter 3 Field Studies of the Octagon and Great Circle, High Bank Earthworks Ross County, Ohio N’omi B. Greber and Orrin C. Shane III ..............................................23 Excavations at the Octagon ............................................................25 Geophysics at the Great Circle ............................................................30 Excavations at the Great Circle ..........................................................33 Radiocarbon Assays ...........................................................................41 Comments ....................................................................................44 Addendum ..........................................................................................46 Chapter 4 Spruce Hill Earthworks: The 1995-1996 National Park Service Investigations Bret J. Ruby .............................................................................................49 Background .......................................................................................49 The Spruce Hill Earthworks .......................................................................49 Spruce Hill Revisited ......................................................................53 The 1995-1996 National Park Service Investigations ............................53 Discussion and Conclusions ..............................................................61 Chapter 5 Falling Through a Crack in the Core: The Surprise and Demise of Anderson Earthwork William H. Pickard and Jeffrey W. Weinberger ........................................ 67 History and Setting ..................................................................................68 1993 Excavations ..................................................................................70 Discussion ..............................................................................................72 Conclusion ............................................................................................74 Chapter 6 Middle Woodland and Other Settlement Remains in the Overly Tract Near The Hopeton Earthwork, Ross County, Ohio William S. Dancey .....................................................................................................77 Research Design.............................................................................77 Artifact Categories and their Distributions..............................................80 Discussion............................................................................................92 Chapter 7 Hopewell Occupation at the Hopeton Earthworks: Large Scale Surface Survey Using GPS Technology Jarrod Burks and Dawn Walter Gagliano................................................97 The Survey Area ................................................................................98 Survey Methodology .............................................................................99 Survey Results ...................................................................................99 The Surface Data: A Siteless Approach .................................................103 Discussion and Conclusion .........................................................................106 Notes ...................................................................................................107 Chapter 8 Hopewellian Centers in Context: Investigations In and Around the Hopeton Earthworks Bret J. Ruby And Mark J. Lynott .................................................................109 Surface Survey ......................................................................................110 Redwing Site ...........................................................................................111 Comparisons .........................................................................................118 Conclusions ......................................................................................122 Chapter 9 Searching for Hopewell Settlements: The Triangle Site at the Hopeton Earthworks Mark Lynott ...................................................................................... 125 Field Investigations ............................................................................127 Geophysical Survey ............................................................................128 1998 Season ....................................................................................128 Features, Artifacts and Radiocarbon Dating ........................................130 Animal Remains ...............................................................................137 Plant Remains ................................................................................138 Interpretations ..............................................................................139 Chapter 10 Geophysical Investigations at the Hopeton Earthworks John Weymouth, Bruce Bevan, and Rinita Dalan ...............................145 The Cesium Gradiometer Survey ...........................................................146 Cesium Gradiometer Results ...................................................................146 Geoscan Instrument Surveys ..............................................................148 Comparison of Cesium Magnetic and Resistance Data ........................148 Small Circles...........................................................................................149 Trench Excavations ...................................................................................149 Discussion ................................................................................................152 Conclusions ......................................................................................157 Chapter 11 Archeological and Geoarcheological Study of the Rectangular Enclosure at the Hopeton Works Mark J. Lynott and Rolfe D. Mandel ......................................................159 The Study of the Rectangular Earthwork ................................................161 Geophysical Survey ..............................................................................163 Trench Excavations .............................................................................164 Chronology ........................................................................................170 Geoarcheological Analysis of Trench 1 .................................................172 Interpretations ................................................................................174 Chapter 12 Ohio Hopewell Ritual Craft Production Katherine A. Spielmann ............................................................ 179Raw Material Procurement ....................................................................180 Hopewell Crafting ................................................................................181 Deposition ...........................................................................................186 Conclusions ....................................................................................188 References Cited .....................................................................................................18

The Irish Rover: Phil Lynott and the Search for Identity

Phil Lynott, the lead singer of the rock band Thin Lizzy, was a complex character. An illegitimate black child who grew up in a working-class, Catholic district of Dublin, Ireland in the 1950s, Lynott spent his life searching for a sense of belonging, something which he explored through rock and roll. This study uses Lynott’s song lyrics to investigate his quest for identity. In particular, it identifies the many recurring themes and archetypes in his music that offered multifaceted self-portraits of his internal conflict between being black, Irish, illegitimate, a rockstar, a Lothario, a son, a father, and a husband, all at the same time

Genetic basis of control of Rhynchosporium secalis infection and symptom expression in barley

The genetic basis of several different components of resistance to Rhynchosporium secalis in barley was investigated in a mapping population derived from a cross between winter and spring barley types. Both the severity of visual disease symptoms and amount of R. secalis DNA in leaf tissues were assessed in field trials in Scotland in the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons. Relative expression of symptoms was defined as the residual values from a linear regression of amount of R. secalis DNA against visual plot disease score at GS 50. Amount of R. secalis DNA and visual disease score were highly correlated traits and identified nearly identical QTL. The genetic control of relative expression of symptoms was less clear. However, a QTL on chromosome 7H was identified as having a significant effect on the expression of visual disease symptoms relative to overall amount of R. secalis colonisationPeer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

The malleability of stigmatizing attitudes: Combining imagined social contact with implicit attitude feedback

© 2016, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Research is reported that examines whether imagined social contact combined with implicit attitude feedback may be an effective intervention for inducing changes in attitudes toward mental ill health. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) captured participants’ implicit attitudes toward individuals with a mental illness and provided a measure of attitude bias. Forty-eight participants (17 male, 95.8% White British) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: (1) Imagined social contact with implicit attitude feedback, (2) imagined social contact without feedback, (3) control with feedback, and (4) control without feedback. This resulted in a data set detailing 12,288 implicit responses, with each participant completing 256 IRAP trials. Participants then completed an attitude change assessment 24 hours later. Results revealed that imagined social contact was successful in changing implicit attitudes, with the addition of implicit attitude feedback further strengthening participants’ positive attitudes toward mental ill health. Explicit attitudes remained unaffected. These findings are the first to highlight the practical importance of combining imagined social contact with implicit attitude feedback to improve attitudes toward out-groups who are stigmatized