52 research outputs found

    Effects of Saturn's magnetospheric dynamics on Titan's ionosphere

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    We use the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science/Langmuir probe measurements of the electron density from the first 110 flybys of Titan to study how SaturnÂŽs magnetosphere influences TitanÂŽs ionosphere. The data is first corrected for biased sampling due to varying solar zenith angle and solar energy flux (solar cycle effects). We then present results showing that the electron density in TitanÂŽs ionosphere, in the altitude range 1600-2400 km, is increased by about a factor of 2.5 when Titan is located on the nightside of Saturn (Saturn local time (SLT) 21-03 h) compared to when on the dayside (SLT 09-15 h). For lower altitudes (1100-1600 km) the main dividing factor for the ionospheric density is the ambient magnetospheric conditions. When Titan is located in the magnetospheric current sheet, the electron density in TitanÂŽs ionosphere is about a factor of 1.4 higher compared to when Titan is located in the magnetospheric lobes. The factor of 1.4 increase in between sheet and lobe flybys is interpreted as an effect of increased particle impact ionization from 200 eV sheet electrons. The factor of 2.5 increase in electron density between flybys on SaturnÂŽs nightside and dayside is suggested to be an effect of the pressure balance between thermal plus magnetic pressure in TitanÂŽs ionosphere against the dynamic pressure and energetic particle pressure in SaturnÂŽs magnetosphere.Fil: Edberg, N. J. T.. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Andrews, D. J.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Bertucci, Cesar. Consejo Nacional de InvestigaciĂłnes CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de AstronomĂ­a y FĂ­sica del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de AstronomĂ­a y FĂ­sica del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Gurnett, D. A.. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Holmberg, M. K. G.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Jackman, C. M.. University Of Southampton; Reino UnidoFil: Kurth, W. S.. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Menietti, J. D.. University Of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Opgenoorth, H. J.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Shebanits, O.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Vigren, E.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Wahlund, J. E.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; Sueci

    An alginate-layer technique for culture of Brassica oleracea L. protoplasts

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    Ten accessions belonging to the Brassica oleracea subspecies alba and rubra, and to B. oleracea var. sabauda were used in this study. Protoplasts were isolated from leaves and hypocotyls of in vitro grown plants. The influence of selected factors on the yield, viability, and mitotic activity of protoplasts immobilized in calcium alginate layers was investigated. The efficiency of protoplast isolation from hypocotyls was lower (0.7 ± 0.1 × 106 ml−1) than for protoplasts isolated from leaf mesophyll tissue (2 ± 0.1 × 106 ml−1). High (70–90%) viabilities of immobilized protoplasts were recorded, independent of the explant sources. The highest proportion of protoplasts undergoing divisions was noted for cv. Reball F1, both from mesophyll (29.8 ± 2.2%) and hypocotyl (17.5 ± 0.3%) tissues. Developed colonies of callus tissue were subjected to regeneration and as a result plants from six accessions were obtained

    Verticillium wilt of olive: a case study to implement an integrated strategy to control a soil-borne pathogen

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    Population studies of fungal plant pathogens: Perspectives for control with specific reference to grey leafspot

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    Plant diseases hinder food production globally. Of the known crop plant pathogens, fungi are perhaps the most widely adapted organisms. For disease control, host resistance has been the main method used through major gene deployment. Equally important, has been the use of fungicides. Over the last two decades these two control strategies have been fraught with rapid resistance erosion commonly referred to as the “boom and burst cycle,”. This raises urgent concerns with regard to development of effective alternative strategies such as use of fungicides. The use of fungicides is an effective strategy but they are potential sources of pollution into the environment, pose serious health risks to humans and are uneconomical for low-resource farmers. In this article the potential of how improved disease management strategies embodied in integrated disease management (IDM) can be developed based on a clear understanding of the pathosystem is discussed. We demonstrate that population and molecular genetics can be used to define pathosystems, estimate the evolutionary responsiveness of pathogens and from the data, design appropriate durable control methods. Various population and molecular genetic methodologies are described and how they can be incorporated into standard pathogen characterisation studies. Using grey leaf spot of maize (Cercospora zeae-maydis) as a case study, we show how these techniques can be used to generate information on genetic variability, providing for logical development of a durable IDM programme. Key words: Cercospora zeae-maydis, disease management, genetic tools, molecular markers RÉSUMÉ Les maladies de plante entravent globalement la production de nourriture. Des pathogĂšnes de plante connus, les champignons sont peut ĂȘtre les plus rependus organismes adaptĂ©s. Pour le contrĂŽle de maladie, la rĂ©sistance hĂŽte a Ă©tĂ© la mĂ©thode principale utilisĂ©e Ă  travers le dĂ©ploiement de gĂšne majeur. Egalement important, a Ă©tĂ© l'usage des fongicides. Pour plus de deux dĂ©cennies ces deux stratĂ©gies de contrĂŽle ont Ă©tĂ© angoissĂ©es avec une rapide Ă©rosion de rĂ©sistance communĂ©ment connu Ă  nous comme “boom and burst cycle” (cycle de boom et d'explosion). Ceci soulĂšve les inquiĂ©tudes urgentes avec respect au dĂ©veloppement des stratĂ©gies alternatives effectives comme l'usage des fongicides. L'usage des fongicides est une stratĂ©gie effective mais ces fongicides sont des sources potentielles de pollution dans l'environnement, pose des risques sĂ©rieux de santĂ© aux humains et ne sont pas Ă©conomiques pour les fermiers de faibles ressources. Dans cet article le potentiel de comment les stratĂ©gies amĂ©liorĂ©es de gestion des maladies incarnĂ©es dans une gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des maladies (IDM) peut ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ© basĂ© sur une comprĂ©hension claire du pathosystĂšme est discutĂ©e. Nous dĂ©montrons que la population et les gĂ©nĂ©tiques molĂ©culaires peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s pour dĂ©finir les pathosystĂšmes, estimer les non rĂ©ponses Ă©volutionnaires des pathogĂšnes et Ă  partir des donnĂ©es, concevoir des mĂ©thodes de contrĂŽle durables. Diverses populations et mĂ©thodologies gĂ©nĂ©tiques molĂ©culaires sont dĂ©crites et comment elles peuvent ĂȘtre incorporĂ©es dans les Ă©tudes de caractĂ©risation de pathogĂšne standard. Utilisant la tache grise de feuille de maĂŻs (Cercospora zeae-maydis) comme cas d'Ă©tude, nous montrons comment ces techniques peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es pour gĂ©nĂ©rer l'information sur la variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique, pourvoyant le dĂ©veloppement logique d'un programme d'IDM durable. Mots clĂ©s: Cercospora zeae-maydis, gestion de maladie, outils gĂ©nĂ©tiques, indicateur molĂ©culaire African Crop Science Journal Vol.12(4) 2004: 327-34

    Assessment of Genetic Variation Among East African Cercospora zeae-maydis Populations

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    Rapid flagement length polymorphism (RFLP) and amplified flagement length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses were used to study genetic diversity of Cercospora zeae-maydis isolates collected from Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda. For comparative purposes, isolates from Zimbabwe and the United States of America (USA) were included. Phylogenetic analysis of AFLP data revealed two major clusters. One large cluster comprised of 75 African and US group II isolates and the second comprised cluster of 4 USA group I isolates. Similar groupings were observed with RFLP data. Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) based on AFLP data revealed a significant population structure between American and African populations (φ FST = 0.07). No population structure was detected, among African isolates (φ FST = 0.01), while a strong and significant structure was obtained between the two pathotypes (φ FST = 0.19). The AMOVA using RFLP data, showed absence of a population structure among African populations (φ FST = 0.01), and gene flow among African populations was high (49.5). These findings suggest that group II pathotype is predominant in East Africa and gene flow appears to be the fundamental evolutionary force accounting for the current genetic structure. A regional approach to abate epidemics is most suitable. Key Words: AFLP, AMOVA, gene flow, isolates, RFP, Zea mays RĂ©sumĂ© Les analyses de polymorphisme rapide de flagellation de longueur (RFLP) et le polymorphisme amplifiĂ© e flagellation de longueur (AFLP) Ă©taient utilisĂ©es pour Ă©tudier la diversitĂ© gĂ©netique des substances de Cercospora zeae-maydis collectĂ©es Ă  partir de l\'Ouganda, Kenya et Rwanda. Pour des raisons comparatives, les substances de Zimbabwe et des Etats-unis d\'AmĂ©rique Ă©taient inclues. L\'analyse phylogĂ©nique de donnĂ©e de l\'AFLP a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e deux bouquets majeurs. Un large bouquet a compris des substances de 75 Africaines et groupe II des US et le second bouquet a compris des substances de 4 USA groupe I. Des groupements similaires Ă©taient observĂ©s avec la donnĂ©e de RFLP. L\'analyse de variation molĂ©culaire (AMOVA) basĂ©e sur la donnĂ©e d\'AFLP a rĂ©velĂ© une structure significative de population entre les population AmĂ©ricaine et Africaine (φ FST =0,07). Aucune structure de population Ă©tait dĂ©tectĂ©e parmi les substances Africaines (φ FST =0,19). L\'AMOVA utilisant la donnĂ©e de RFLP, a montrĂ© une absence d\'une structure de population parmi les populations Africaines (φ FST =0,01), et un volume des gĂ©nes parmi les populations Africaines Ă©tait Ă©levĂ© (49.5). Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le pathotype de groupe II est prĂ©dominant en Afrique de l\'Est et le volume de gĂšnes apparait ĂȘtre la force Ă©volutive fondamentale comptant pour la structure gĂ©netique courante. Une approache rĂ©gionale de baisser les Ă©pidĂ©mies est plus valable. Mots ClĂ©s: AFLP, AMOVA, volume de gĂšnes, substances, RFP, Zea mays (Af Crop Sci J 2003 Vol 11 No 2 pp75-86

    Population Studies of Fungal Plant Pathogens: Perspectives for Control With Specific Reference to Grey Leafspot

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    Plant diseases hinder food production globally. Of the known crop plant pathogens, fungi are perhaps the most widely adapted organisms. For disease control, host resistance has been the main method used through major gene deployment. Equally important, has been the use of fungicides. Over the last two decades these two control strategies have been fraught with rapid resistance erosion commonly referred to as the “boom and burst cycle,”. This raises urgent concerns with regard to development of effective alternative strategies such as use of fungicides. The use of fungicides is an effective strategy but they are potential sources of pollution into the environment, pose serious health risks to humans and are uneconomical for low-resource farmers. In this article the potential of how improved disease management strategies embodied in integrated disease management (IDM) can be developed based on a clear understanding of the pathosystem is discussed. We demonstrate that population and molecular genetics can be used to define pathosystems, estimate the evolutionary responsiveness of pathogens and from the data, design appropriate durable control methods. Various population and molecular genetic methodologies are described and how they can be incorporated into standard pathogen characterisation studies. Using grey leaf spot of maize ( Cercospora zeae-maydis ) as a case study, we show how these techniques can be used to generate information on genetic variability, providing for logical development of a durable IDM programme.Les maladies de plante entravent globalement la production de nourriture. Des pathogĂšnes de plante connus, les champignons sont peut ĂȘtre les plus rependus organismes adaptĂ©s. Pour le contrĂŽle de maladie, la rĂ©sistance hĂŽte a Ă©tĂ© la mĂ©thode principale utilisĂ©e Ă  travers le dĂ©ploiement de gĂšne majeur. Egalement important, a Ă©tĂ© l'usage des fongicides. Pour plus de deux dĂ©cennies ces deux stratĂ©gies de contrĂŽle ont Ă©tĂ© angoissĂ©es avec une rapide Ă©rosion de rĂ©sistance communĂ©ment connu Ă  nous comme “boom and burst cycle” (cycle de boom et d'explosion). Ceci soulĂšve les inquiĂ©tudes urgentes avec respect au dĂ©veloppement des stratĂ©gies alternatives effectives comme l'usage des fongicides. L'usage des fongicides est une stratĂ©gie effective mais ces fongicides sont des sources potentielles de pollution dans l'environnement, pose des risques sĂ©rieux de santĂ© aux humains et ne sont pas Ă©conomiques pour les fermiers de faibles ressources. Dans cet article le potentiel de comment les stratĂ©gies amĂ©liorĂ©es de gestion des maladies incarnĂ©es dans une gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des maladies (IDM) peut ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ© basĂ© sur une comprĂ©hension claire du pathosystĂšme est discutĂ©e. Nous dĂ©montrons que la population et les gĂ©nĂ©tiques molĂ©culaires peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s pour dĂ©finir les pathosystĂšmes, estimer les non rĂ©ponses Ă©volutionnaires des pathogĂšnes et Ă  partir des donnĂ©es, concevoir des mĂ©thodes de contrĂŽle durables. Diverses populations et mĂ©thodologies gĂ©nĂ©tiques molĂ©culaires sont dĂ©crites et comment elles peuvent ĂȘtre incorporĂ©es dans les Ă©tudes de caractĂ©risation de pathogĂšne standard. Utilisant la tache grise de feuille de maĂŻs ( Cercospora zeae-maydis ) comme cas d'Ă©tude, nous montrons comment ces techniques peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es pour gĂ©nĂ©rer l'information sur la variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique, pourvoyant le dĂ©veloppement logique d'un programme d'IDM durable

    ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIATION AMONG EAST AFRICAN Cercospora zeae-maydis  

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    Rapid flagement length polymorphism (RFLP) and amplified flagement length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses were used to study genetic diversity of Cercospora zeae-maydis   isolates collected from Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda. For comparative purposes, isolates from Zimbabwe and the United States of America (USA) were included. Phylogenetic analysis of AFLP data revealed two major clusters. One large cluster comprised of 75 African and US group II isolates and the second comprised cluster of 4 USA group I isolates. Similar groupings were observed with RFLP data. Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) based on AFLP data revealed a significant population structure between American and African populations (ϕ FST = 0.07). No population structure was detected, among African isolates (ϕFST = 0.01), while a strong and significant structure was obtained between the two pathotypes (ϕ FST = 0.19). The AMOVA using RFLP data, showed absence of a population structure among African populations (ϕ FST = 0.01), and gene flow among African populations was high (49.5). These findings suggest that group II pathotype is predominant in East Africa and gene flow appears to be the fundamental evolutionary force accounting for the current genetic structure. A regional approach to abate epidemics is most suitable
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