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Hypnotic Tactile Anesthesia: Psychophysical and Signal-Detection Analyses.
Two experiments that studied the effects of hypnotic suggestions on tactile sensitivity are reported. Experiment 1 found that suggestions for anesthesia, as measured by both traditional psychophysical methods and signal-detection procedures, were linearly related to hypnotizability. Experiment 2 employed the same methodologies in an application of the real-simulator paradigm to examine the effects of suggestions for both anesthesia and hyperesthesia. Significant effects of hypnotic suggestion on both sensitivity and bias were found in the anesthesia condition but not for the hyperesthesia condition. A new bias parameter, C', indicated that much of the bias found in the initial analyses was artifactual, a function of changes in sensitivity across conditions. There were no behavioral differences between reals and simulators in any of the conditions, though analyses of postexperimental interviews suggested the 2 groups had very different phenomenal experiences
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Discharged Directly Home From the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Introduction: Patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) typically transfer to an acute care floor prior to discharge (ACD). Various circumstances, including rapid clinical improvement, technology dependence, or capacity constraints, may lead to discharge directly to home from a PICU (DDH). This practice has been studied in adult intensive care units, but research is lacking for PICU patients. Methods: We aimed to describe characteristics and outcomes of patients requiring PICU admission who experienced DDH versus ACD. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients â€18 years old admitted to our academic, tertiary care PICU between 1/1/15 and 12/31/20. Patients who died or were transferred to another facility were excluded. Baseline characteristics (including home ventilator dependence) and markers of illness severity, specifically the need for vasoactive infusion or new mechanical ventilation, were compared between groups. Admission diagnoses were categorized using the Pediatric Clinical Classification System (PECCS). Our primary outcome was hospital readmission within 30 days. Results: Of 4042 PICU admissions during the study period, 768 (19%) were DDH. Baseline demographic characteristics were similar, although DDH patients were more likely to have a tracheostomy (30% vs 5%, Pâ<â.01) and require a home ventilator at discharge (24% vs 1%, Pâ<â.01). DDH was associated with being less likely to have required a vasoactive infusion (7% vs 11%, Pâ<â.01), shorter median length of stay (LOS) (2.1 days vs 5.9 days, Pâ<â.01) and increased rate of readmission within 30 days of discharge (17% vs 14%, Pâ<â.05). However, repeat analysis after removing ventilator-dependent patients at discharge (nâ=â202) showed no difference in rates of readmission (14% vs 14%, Pâ=â.88). Conclusions: Direct discharge home from the PICU is a common practice. DDH and ACD groups had similar 30-day readmission rate when patient admissions with home ventilator dependence were excluded
The ABCD of usability testing
We introduce a methodology for tracking and auditing feedback, errors and suggestions for software packages. This short paper describes how we innovate on the evaluation mechanism, introducing an (Antecedent, Barrier, Consequence and Development) ABCD form, embedded within an eParticipation platform to enable end users to easily report on any usability issues. This methodology will be utilised to improve the STEP cloud eParticipation platform (part of the current STEP Horizon2020 project http://step4youth.eu. The platform is currently being piloted in real life contexts, with the participation of public authorities that are integrating the eParticipation platform into their regular decision-making practices. The project is involving young people, through engagement and motivation strategies and giving them a voice in Environmental decision making at the local level. The pilot evaluation aims to demonstrate how open engagement needs to be embedded within public sector processes and the usability methodology reported here will help to identify the key barriers for wide scale deployment of the platform
Posterior Beta and Anterior Gamma Oscillations Predict Cognitive Insight
Pioneering neuroimaging studies on insight have revealed neural correlates of the emotional âAha!â component of the insight process, but neural substrates of the cognitive component, such as problem restructuring (a key to transformative reasoning), remain a mystery. Here, multivariate electroencephalogram signals were recorded from human participants while they solved verbal puzzles that could create a small-scale experience of cognitive insight. Individuals responded as soon as they reached a solution and provided a rating of subjective insight. For unsolved puzzles, hints were provided after 60 to 90 sec. Spatio-temporal signatures of brain oscillations were analyzed using Morlet wavelet transform followed by exploratory parallel-factor analysis. A consistent reduction in beta power (15â25 Hz) was found over the parieto-occipital and centro-temporal electrode regions on all four conditionsâ(a) correct (vs. incorrect) solutions, (b) solutions without (vs. with) external hint, (c) successful (vs. unsuccessful) utilization of the external hint, and d) self-reported high (vs. low) insight. Gamma band (30â70 Hz) power was increased in right fronto-central and frontal electrode regions for conditions (a) and (c). The effects occurred several (up to 8) seconds before the behavioral response. Our findings indicate that insight is represented by distinct spectral, spatial, and temporal patterns of neural activity related to presolution cognitive processes that are intrinsic to the problem itself but not exclusively to one's subjective assessment of insight
False claims about false memory research
Pezdek and Lam [Pezdek, K. & Lam, S. (2007). What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study âFalse memory,â and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition] claim that the majority of research into false memories has been misguided. Specifically, they charge that false memory scientists have been (1) misusing the term âfalse memory,â (2) relying on the wrong methodologies to study false memories, and (3) misapplying false memory research to real world situations. We review each of these claims and highlight the problems with them. We conclude that several types of false memory research have advanced our knowledge of autobiographical and recovered memories, and that future research will continue to make significant contributions to how we understand memory and memory errors
A procedurålis emlékezet szerepe a testkép zavaraiban = The role of procedural memory in trouble of body picture
Az evĂ©szavarok egyik vezetĆ betegsĂ©gfenntartĂł tĂ©nyezĆje a betegek torzult, diszfunkcionĂĄlis kognĂciĂłja. Ezen belĂŒl is kiemelendĆk a tĂĄplĂĄlĂ©kfelvĂ©teli viselkedĂ©s zavaraival Ă©s a testĂ©lmĂ©nnyel kapcsolatban lĂ©vĆ, a zavarok lĂ©trejöttĂ©ben kulcsszerepet jĂĄtszĂł kognitĂv disztorziĂłk, melyek az informĂĄciĂłfeldolgozĂĄsi folyamatokon belĂŒl elsĆsorban a perceptuĂĄlis Ă©lmĂ©nyfeldolgozĂĄst Ă©rintik Ă©s evĂ©szavaros betegeknĂ©l a testkĂ©p speciĂĄlis zavarĂĄban mutatkoznak meg. A kognitĂv informĂĄciĂłfeldolgozĂĄst a sĂ©mĂĄk irĂĄnyĂtjĂĄk, amelyekben a selfrĆl valĂł komplex tudĂĄs szervezĆdik. A sĂ©mĂĄk procedurĂĄlis ismeretanyagot is hordoznak, Ășgy mint motoros kĂ©szsĂ©geket, szokĂĄsokat, szabĂĄlyokat, cĂ©lkĂ©pzeteket, döntĂ©shozatali stratĂ©giĂĄkat. Ezek alapjĂĄn felmerĂŒl, hogy az evĂ©szavarokra jellemzĆ viselkedĂ©ses rutincselekvĂ©sek, mint pĂ©ldĂĄul a diĂ©tĂĄzĂĄs, falĂĄsroham, önhĂĄnytatĂĄs a testkĂ©p sĂ©mĂĄjĂĄn belĂŒl procedurĂĄlis Ă©lmĂ©nyanyagkĂ©nt kĂłdolĂłdhat Ă©s a munkamemĂłriĂĄban automatikusan a többi explicit tudĂĄssal Ă©s emlĂ©kkel egyĂŒtt aktivĂĄlĂłdik. ElmĂ©leti ĂĄttekintĂ©sĂŒnkben ezeknek a prekognitĂv folyamatoknak keressĂŒk a helyĂ©t Ă©s szerepĂ©t az evĂ©szavaros betegekre jellemzĆ kognitĂv informĂĄciĂłfeldolgozĂĄsi jellegzetessĂ©gek kialakĂtĂĄsĂĄban
The fallibility of memory in judicial processes: Lessons from the past and their modern consequences
The capability of adult and child witnesses to accurately recollect events from the past and provide reliable testimony has been hotly debated for more than one hundred years (Binet, 1900). Prominent legal cases of the 1980s and 1990s sparked lengthy debates and important research questions surrounding the fallibility and general reliability of memory. But what lessons have we learned, some forty years later, about the role of memory in the judicial system? In this review, we focus on what we now know about the consequences of the fallibility of memory for legal proceedings. We present a brief historical overview of false memories that focuses on three critical forensic areas that changed memory research: Children as eyewitnesses, historic sexual abuse, and eyewitness (mis)identification. We revisit some of the prominent trials of the 1980s and 1990s to not only consider the role false memories have played, but also to see how this has helped us understand memory today. Finally, we consider the way in which the research on memory (true and false) has been successfully integrated into some courtroom procedures
Time perception and the experience of agency in meditation and hypnosis
Mindfulness meditation and hypnosis are related in opposing ways to awareness of intentions. The cold control theory of hypnosis proposes that hypnotic responding involves the experience of involuntariness while performing an actually intentional action. Hypnosis therefore relies upon inaccurate metacognition about intentional actions and experiences. Mindfulness meditation centrally involves awareness of intentions and is associated with improved metacognitive access to intentions. Therefore, mindfulness meditators and highly hypnotizable people may lie at opposite ends of a spectrum with regard to metacognitive access to intentionârelated information. Here we review the theoretical background and evidence for differences in the metacognition of intentions in these groups, as revealed by chronometric measures of the awareness of voluntary action: the timing of an intention to move (Libet's âWâ judgments) and the compressed perception of time between an intentional action and its outcome (âintentional bindingâ). We review these measures and critically evaluate their proposed connection to the experience of volition and sense of agency
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