Diseño y Optimización del tamaño de grano triturado para alimentación avícola para criaderos y suministro de balanceado/Design and Optimization of crushed grain size for poultry feed for hatcheries and supply of balanced

En la investigación se diseñó, modeló y mejoró un molino de martillo económico y accesible aplicando métodos lógicos deductivos, la máquina provee un tamaño de grano ideal, que sirve como alimentación directa para aves, o también se puede utilizar como un componente para balanceado en la producción avícola, acorde a los requerimientos de las distintas pymes ya sea para consumo cárnico, producción de huevos, entre otros. Por esta razón es necesario definir distintos parámetros como el tamaño adecuado del tamiz teniendo una variedad desde los 2mm hasta los 5 mm, cuchillas, selección adecuada del motor dependiendo de la cantidad de horas por día, para esto se realizó un análisis mecánico y dinámico de los distintos elementos de la máquina mediante simulación en el software Solidworks free students, luego de tener el dimensionamiento óptimo bajo parámetros ingenieriles de cada una de las partes de la máquina, se realizó una cotización de los materiales bajo consideración económica en el que fue necesario realizar una correcta selección de los mismo elementos basados en catálogos nacionales para que la maquina sea rentable y accesible a los micro productores así como a los mayoristas, una vez considerado todo el procedimiento se construyó la máquina con un costo final de 355,39 dólares americanos, siendo esta de fácil desmontaje, mantenimiento y aplicación para la sociedad, el cual permite la reducción de costos, tiempos de producción y aumenta la eficiencia en la obtención grano triturado para el consumo el sector avícola. In the research an economical and accessible hammer mill was designed, modeled and improved by applying deductive logical methods, the machine provides an ideal grain size, which serves as direct feed for birds, or it can also be used as a component for balanced in the poultry production, according to the requirements of the different SMEs, whether for meat consumption, egg production, among others. For this reason, it is necessary to define different parameters such as the appropriate size of the sieve having a variety from 2mm to 5 mm, blades, suitable engine selection depending on the number of hours per day, for this a mechanical and dynamic analysis of the different elements of the machine by means of simulation in the software Solidworks free students, after having the optimal dimensioning under engineering parameters of each one of the parts of the machine, a quotation of the materials was made under economic consideration in which it was necessary to carry out a correct selection of the same elements based on national catalogs so that the machine is profitable and accessible to the micro producers as well as to the wholesalers. Once the entire procedure was considered, the machine was built with a final cost of US $ 355.39. being this easy to disassembly, maintenance and application for society, which allows the reduction of costs, production times and increases the efficiency in obtaining crushed grain for consumption in the poultry sector. Palabras clave: diseño, producción avícola, grano, balanceado, molino, grano triturado. Keywords: design, poultry production, grain, balanced, mill, crushed grain

Note on a q-modified central limit theorem

A q-modified version of the central limit theorem due to Umarov et al. affirms that q-Gaussians are attractors under addition and rescaling of certain classes of strongly correlated random variables. The proof of this theorem rests on a nonlinear q-modified Fourier transform. By exhibiting an invariance property we show that this Fourier transform does not have an inverse. As a consequence, the theorem falls short of achieving its stated goal.Comment: 10 pages, no figure

Extraction of phenolic compounds in controlled macerations of Pedro Ximenez grapes

Crushed grapes of cv. Pedro Ximenez were macerated together with their must for 4, 16, 24 and 48 h at temperatures of 10, 15 and 25°C. The musts obtained after pressing were used for the determination of 14 phenolic compounds from the following fractions: hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, other nonflavonoids, flavan-3-ols and flavonols. The temperature was found not to exert a marked influence on the extraction of the phenolic compounds in the first 16 h of maceration. After that time, however, it had a significant effect, so maceration times longer than 16 h are inadvisable unless subsequent oxidation is applied. The analytical results obtained showed that the flavan-3-ols, catechin and epicatechin were extracted at the highest rates, related with maceration temperature, followed by hydroxbenzoic acids, other nonflavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols. The flavan-3-ol fraction was also extracted in higher proportions under the different conditions assayed, through very closely followed by that of hydroxybenzoic acids

Flavour in "Pedro Ximénez" grape musts subjected to maceration processes

Crushed grapes of  Vitis vinifera cv. Pedro Ximenez were macerated at 10, 15 and 25°C for 4, 16, 24 and 48 hours. The musts obtained after pressing were used for the determination of higher alcohols, esters and terpene compounds. The data was subjected to discriminant analysis, obtaining three functions of difficult interpretation. A fruitiness index (SIGMA favourable aromas/SIGMA unfavourable aromas) x 100 and the total of phenolic compounds were subjected to variance and multiple range analyses which revealed significant differences (p<0.01) for maceration times and temperatures. Taking into account the fruitiness index and phenolic compound values, as well as the significant differences obtained by multifactorial (time-temperature) variance analysis, the 24 h-10°C, 4 h-15°C, 16 h-15°C and 24 h-15°C were the best condition

A note on q-Gaussians and non-Gaussians in statistical mechanics

The sum of $N$ sufficiently strongly correlated random variables will not in general be Gaussian distributed in the limit N\to\infty. We revisit examples of sums x that have recently been put forward as instances of variables obeying a q-Gaussian law, that is, one of type (cst)\times[1-(1-q)x^2]^{1/(1-q)}. We show by explicit calculation that the probability distributions in the examples are actually analytically different from q-Gaussians, in spite of numerically resembling them very closely. Although q-Gaussians exhibit many interesting properties, the examples investigated do not support the idea that they play a special role as limit distributions of correlated sums.Comment: 17 pages including 3 figures. Introduction and references expande

Restricted random walk model as a new testing ground for the applicability of q-statistics

We present exact results obtained from Master Equations for the probability function P(y,T) of sums $y=\sum_{t=1}^T x_t$ of the positions x_t of a discrete random walker restricted to the set of integers between -L and L. We study the asymptotic properties for large values of L and T. For a set of position dependent transition probabilities the functional form of P(y,T) is with very high precision represented by q-Gaussians when T assumes a certain value $T^*\propto L^2$. The domain of y values for which the q-Gaussian apply diverges with L. The fit to a q-Gaussian remains of very high quality even when the exponent $a$ of the transition probability g(x)=|x/L|^a+p with 0<p<<1 is different from 1, all though weak, but essential, deviation from the q-Gaussian does occur for $a\neq1$. To assess the role of correlations we compare the T dependence of P(y,T) for the restricted random walker case with the equivalent dependence for a sum y of uncorrelated variables x each distributed according to 1/g(x).Comment: 5 pages, 7 figs, EPL (2011), in pres

Redescription of Caprella hirsuta Mayec 1890 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidea) from the Strait of Gibraltar

Caprella hirsuta Mayer, 1890 is redescribed based on specimens collected from the Strait of Gibraltar (Southern Spain-Northern Africa) during a study of the amphipod fauna from these coasts. Careful examination of these caprellids revealed differences with the previous descriptions, mainly the structure of gnathopod 2, pereopods and abdomen. Key words: Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidea, Caprella hirsuta, Strait of Gibraltar, Redescription.Caprella hirsuta Mayer, 1890 is redescribed based on specimens collected from the Strait of Gibraltar (Southern Spain-Northern Africa) during a study of the amphipod fauna from these coasts. Careful examination of these caprellids revealed differences with the previous descriptions, mainly the structure of gnathopod 2, pereopods and abdomen. Key words: Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidea, Caprella hirsuta, Strait of Gibraltar, Redescription.Caprella hirsuta Mayer, 1890 is redescribed based on specimens collected from the Strait of Gibraltar (Southern Spain-Northern Africa) during a study of the amphipod fauna from these coasts. Careful examination of these caprellids revealed differences with the previous descriptions, mainly the structure of gnathopod 2, pereopods and abdomen. Key words: Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidea, Caprella hirsuta, Strait of Gibraltar, Redescription

On "Ergodicity and Central Limit Theorem in Systems with Long-Range Interactions" by Figueiredo et al

In the present paper we refute the criticism advanced in a recent preprint by Figueiredo et al [1] about the possible application of the $q$-generalized Central Limit Theorem (CLT) to a paradigmatic long-range-interacting many-body classical Hamiltonian system, the so-called Hamiltonian Mean Field (HMF) model. We exhibit that, contrary to what is claimed by these authors and in accordance with our previous results, $q$-Gaussian-like curves are possible and real attractors for a certain class of initial conditions, namely the one which produces nontrivial longstanding quasi-stationary states before the arrival, only for finite size, to the thermal equilibrium.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures. Short version of the paper, accepted for publication in Europhysics Letters, (2009) in pres

Anchors for the Cosmic Distance Scale: the Cepheids U Sgr, CF Cas and CEab Cas

New and existing X-ray, UBVJHKsW(1-4), and spectroscopic observations were analyzed to constrain fundamental parameters for M25, NGC 7790, and dust along their sight-lines. The star clusters are of particular importance given they host the classical Cepheids U Sgr, CF Cas, and the visual binary Cepheids CEa and CEb Cas. Precise results from the multiband analysis, in tandem with a comprehensive determination of the Cepheids' period evolution (dP/dt) from ~140 years of observations, helped resolve concerns raised regarding the clusters and their key Cepheid constituents. Specifically, distances derived for members of M25 and NGC 7790 are 630+-25 pc and 3.40+-0.15 kpc, respectively.Comment: To appear in Astronomy and Astrophysic

On Weierstra{\ss} semigroups at one and two points and their corresponding Poincar\'e series

The aim of this paper is to introduce and investigate the Poincar\'e series associated with the Weierstra{\ss} semigroup of one and two rational points at a (not necessarily irreducible) non-singular projective algebraic curve defined over a finite field, as well as to describe their functional equations in the case of an affine complete intersection.Comment: Beginning of Section 3 and Subsection 3.1 were modifie