Polivalencia fitoclimática y diversidad potencial de cubiertas forestales arbóreas naturales en la España peninsular

A multivariate methodology was assayed to evaluate the phytoclimatic versatility of peninsular Spain and how this relates to the potential diversity of natural tree covers. The instances of greatest phytoclimatic versatility occur in a range of altitude between 1000 and 1300 m; these are cool phytoclimates with only short, low-intensity periods of aridity. These factorial ambits of maximum versatility correspond chiefly to the substeppe nemoral subtype 6(7), followed by genuine nemoral VI and humid nemoromediterranean 6(4)2 subtypes. The lowest values of versatility and potential diversity correspond to dry genuine Mediterranean (4i) or transitional Mediterranean 4(6)1 subtypes and to alpine oroborealoid or oroarcticoid subtypes. In geographical terms, intermediate mountain areas in the north of the Peninsula and some massifs in the southern half score the highest in the Diversity Index used. The lowest scores are found in the southern half of the Peninsula, although in the northern half low scores are also found for littoral areas, interior areas of the Duero and Ebro basins and alpine areas. Autoecological phytoclimatic spectra headed by stands of Pinus nigra and Quercus petraea present the greatest phytoclimatic versatility, while those headed by Quercus ilex ballota and Pinus uncinata stands present the least versatility. This article offers new methodological horizons for the study of the effects of climate change on plant diversity.Se ensaya una metodología multivariante de evaluación de la polivalencia fitoclimática de la España peninsular y de su relación con la diversidad potencial de las cubiertas arbóreas naturales. Las mayores polivalencias fitoclimáticas se dan en una franja altitudinal situada entre los 1000 y los 1.300 m, correspondiendo a ámbitos fitoclimáticos frescos y con escasa duración e intensidad de la aridez. Estos ámbitos factoriales de máxima polivalencia se corresponden principalmente con el subtipo nemoral subestepario 6(7), seguido del nemoral genuino 6 y del nemoromediterráneo húmedo 6(4)2. Los menores valores de polivalencia y de diversidad potencial se corresponden con subtipos mediterráneos genuinos (4i) o transicionales 4(6)1 secos y con subtipos oroborealoides u oroarticoides de alta montaña. Desde un punto de vista geográfico, las zonas de media montaña de la mitad norte peninsular y algunos macizos montañosos de la mitad sur dan los valores más altos del Índice de Diversidad utilizado, mientras que los menores se dan en la mitad sur peninsular, aunque en la mitad norte las áreas litorales, las áreas interiores de las cuencas del Duero y Ebro así como y en las áreas de alta montaña también se corresponden con valores bajos del índice. Los espectros fitoclimáticos de carácter autoecológico encabezados por pinares de Pinus nigra y por robledales de Quercus petraea presentan la mayor polivalencia fitoclimática, mientras que los encabezados por encinares de Quercus ilex ballota y por pinares de Pinus uncinata presentan la menor. El presente trabajo abre nuevos horizontes metodológicos para el estudio de los efectos del cambio climático sobre la diversidad vegetal

Contrasting human perceptions of and attitudes towards two threatened small carnivores, Lycalopex fulvipes and Leopardus guigna, in rural communities adjacent to protected areas in Chile

Indexación: Scopus.The interaction between humans and small carnivores is a phenomenon especially frequent in rural fringes, as is the case of communities surrounding natural areas. In Chile, two species of threatened carnivores, the Darwin's Fox and the Guigna, have increased their contact with humans due to human-induced changes in their habitat. The objective of this study was to characterize the interactions of these species with humans by assessing human perceptions and attitudes toward them, and to assess livestock and poultry ownership and management practices in local communities to evaluate their possible roles in the phenomenon. We conducted semi-structured interviews in rural communities adjacent to natural protected areas of two different regions in southern Chile. We found that people have a more positive perception of Darwin's Foxes than Guignas, but both species are considered damaging due to poultry attacks. Livestock and poultry management was generally deficient. Improvements in animal management and education programs could lead to a significant decrease in negative interactions. © Sacristan et al. 2018.https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/4030/442

Carbon and oxygen abundances from recombination lines in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies. Implications for chemical evolution

We present deep echelle spectrophotometry of the brightest emission-line knots of the star-forming galaxies He 2-10, Mkn 1271, NGC 3125, NGC 5408, POX 4, SDSS J1253-0312, Tol 1457-262, Tol 1924-416 and the HII region Hubble V in the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 6822. The data have been taken with the Very Large Telescope Ultraviolet-Visual Echelle Spectrograph in the 3100-10420 {\AA} range. We determine electron densities and temperatures of the ionized gas from several emission-line intensity ratios for all the objects. We derive the ionic abundances of C$^{2+}$ and/or O$^{2+}$ from faint pure recombination lines (RLs) in several of the objects, permitting to derive their C/H and C/O ratios. We have explored the chemical evolution at low metallicities analysing the C/O vs. O/H, C/O vs. N/O and C/N vs. O/H relations for Galactic and extragalactic HII regions and comparing with results for halo stars and DLAs. We find that HII regions in star-forming dwarf galaxies occupy a different locus in the C/O vs. O/H diagram than those belonging to the inner discs of spiral galaxies, indicating their different chemical evolution histories, and that the bulk of C in the most metal-poor extragalactic HII regions should have the same origin than in halo stars. The comparison between the C/O ratios in HII regions and in stars of the Galactic thick and thin discs seems to give arguments to support the merging scenario for the origin of the Galactic thick disc. Finally, we find an apparent coupling between C and N enrichment at the usual metallicities determined for HII regions and that this coupling breaks in very low-metallicity objects.Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la pseudoartrosis de la apófisis odontoides: Presentación de dos casos

Se presenta nuestra experiencia de dos casos de pseudoartrosis de apófisis odontoides tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante atornillado directo a compresión por vía anterior paraesternomocleidomastoidea. El resultado final fue satisfactorio en el primer caso, teniendo que realizarse una artrodesis posterior C1-C2 en el segundo. Se discute la posibilidad de un exceso de angulación posterioSe presenta nuestra experiencia de dos casos de pseudoartrosis de apófisis odontoides tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante atornillado directo a compresión por vía anterior paraesternomocleidomastoidea. El resultado final fue satisfactorio en el primer caso, teniendo que realizarse una artrodesis posterior C1-C2 en el segundo. Se discute la posibilidad de un exceso de angulación posterior en la colocación del tornillo como causa del fracaso de la técnica.en la colocación del tornillo como causa del fracaso de la técnica.Two cases of odontoid process non-union treated by direct screw compression through an anterior approach are presented. The outcome was satisfactory in one case. The other required posterior C1-C2 union because of anterior screwing failure. An excessive posterior angulation of the screw thought to be the cause of anterior fusion failure

Nonlinear Interaction of Transversal Modes in a CO2 Laser

We show the possibility of achieving experimentally a Takens-Bogdanov bifurcation for the nonlinear interaction of two transverse modes ($l = \pm 1$) in a $CO_2$ laser. The system has a basic O(2) symmetry which is perturbed by some symmetry-breaking effects that still preserve the $Z_2$ symmetry. The pattern dynamics near this codimension two bifurcation under such symmetries is described. This dynamics changes drastically when the laser properties are modified.Comment: 16 pages, 0 figure

Development and validation of the Spanish hazard perception test

Objective: The aim of the current study is to develop and obtain validity evidence for a Hazard Perception test suitable for the Spanish driving population. To obtain validity evidence to support the use of the test, the effect of hazardous and quasi-hazardous situations on the participants’ Hazard Prediction is analysed and the pattern of results of drivers of different driving experience: learner, novice and expert drivers and re-offender vs. non-offender drivers, is compared. Potentially hazardous situations are those that develop without involving any real hazard (i.e., the driver didn’t actually have to decelerate or make any evasive manoeuvre to avoid a potential collision). The current study analysed multiple offender drivers attending compulsory re-education programmes as a result of reaching the maximum number of penalty points on their driving licence, due to repeated violations of traffic laws. Method: A new video-based hazard perception test was developed, using a total of 20 hazardous situation videos plus 8 quasi-hazardous situation videos. They were selected from 167 recordings of natural hazards in real Spanish driving settings

The management of lifeguards in natural acuatic spaces (beaches)

Este estudio nace con la necesidad de establecer criterios básicos y descripción de recomendaciones para mejorar el nivel de atención de los socorristas acuáticos profesionales en los espacios acuáticos naturales, concretamente en el trabajo realizado en las playas, con el objetivo de aumentar la seguridad de estas zonas de baño. El estudio se ha desarrollado en la Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña, concretamente en tres playas de varios municipios de la provincia de Barcelona. Se puede afirmar que tras esta investigación la mayor parte de los socorristas acuáticos que han participado en el estudio valoraron positivamente las medidas y criterios propuestos, asumiendo que con los mismos se puede desempeñar mejor su trabajoThis study arises from the need to establish basic criteria and the description of recommendations to improve the level of responsiveness of lifeguards in natural aquatic areas, specifically in the work done on the beaches, in order to increase the safety of these bathing areas. The study was developed Cataluña, in three beaches of different municipalities in the province of Barcelona. We can aver after this research that most of the lifeguards who participated in the study value positively the proposed measures and criteria, through the assumption that these features help improve their wor

Unveiling the structure of the planetary nebula M 2-48: Kinematics and physical conditions

The kinematics and physical conditions of the bipolar planetary nebula M 2-48 are analysed from high and low dispersion long-slit spectra. Previous CCD narrow-band optical observations have suggested that this nebula is mainly formed by a pair of symmetric bow-shocks, an off-center semi-circular shell, and an internal bipolar structure. The bipolar outflow has a complex structure, characterised by a series of shocked regions located between the bright core and the polar tips. There is an apparent kinematic discontinuity between the bright bipolar core and the outer regions. The fragmented ring around the bright bipolar region presents a low expansion velocity and could be associated to ejection in the AGB-PN transition phase, although its nature remains unclear. The chemical abundances of the central region are derived, showing that M 2-48 is a Type I planetary nebula (PN)