9,155 research outputs found
Plasma wake inhibition at the collision of two laser pulses in an underdense plasma
An electron injector concept for laser-plasma accelerator was developed in
ref [1] and [2] ; it relies on the use of counter-propagating ultrashort laser
pulses. In [2], the scheme is as follows: the pump laser pulse generates a
large amplitude laser wakefield (plasma wave). The counter-propagating
injection pulse interferes with the pump laser pulse to generate a beatwave
pattern. The ponderomotive force of the beatwave is able to inject plasma
electrons into the wakefield. We have studied this injection scheme using 1D
Particle in Cell (PIC) simulations. The simulations reveal phenomena and
important physical processes that were not taken into account in previous
models. In particular, at the collision of the laser pulses, most plasma
electrons are trapped in the beatwave pattern and cannot contribute to the
collective oscillation supporting the plasma wave. At this point, the fluid
approximation fails and the plasma wake is strongly inhibited. Consequently,
the injected charge is reduced by one order of magnitude compared to the
predictions from previous models.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Quasimonoenergetic electron beams produced by colliding cross-polarized laser pulses in underdense plasmas
The interaction of two laser pulses in an underdense plasma has proven to be
able to inject electrons in plasma waves, thus providing a stable and tunable
source of electrons. Whereas previous works focused on the "beatwave" injection
scheme in which two lasers with the same polarization collide in a plasma, this
present letter studies the effect of polarization and more specifically the
interaction of two colliding cross-polarized laser pulses. It is shown both
theoretically and experimentally that electrons can also be pre-accelerated and
injected by the stochastic heating occurring at the collision of two
cross-polarized lasers and thus, a new regime of optical injection is
demonstrated. It is found that injection with cross-polarized lasers occurs at
higher laser intensities.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
The IRAM-30m line survey of the Horsehead PDR: III. High abundance of complex (iso-)nitrile molecules in UV-illuminated gas
Complex (iso-)nitrile molecules, such as CH3CN and HC3N, are relatively
easily detected in our Galaxy and in other galaxies. We constrain their
chemistry through observations of two positions in the Horsehead edge: the
photo-dissociation region (PDR) and the dense, cold, and UV-shielded core just
behind it. We systematically searched for lines of CH3CN, HC3N, C3N, and some
of their isomers in our sensitive unbiased line survey at 3, 2, and 1mm. We
derived column densities and abundances through Bayesian analysis using a large
velocity gradient radiative transfer model. We report the first clear detection
of CH3NC at millimeter wavelength. We detected 17 lines of CH3CN at the PDR and
6 at the dense core position, and we resolved its hyperfine structure for 3
lines. We detected 4 lines of HC3N, and C3N is clearly detected at the PDR
position. We computed new electron collisional rate coefficients for CH3CN, and
we found that including electron excitation reduces the derived column density
by 40% at the PDR position. While CH3CN is 30 times more abundant in the PDR
than in the dense core, HC3N has similar abundance at both positions. The
isomeric ratio CH3NC/CH3CN is 0.15+-0.02. In the case of CH3CN, pure gas phase
chemistry cannot reproduce the amount of CH3CN observed in the UV-illuminated
gas. We propose that CH3CN gas phase abundance is enhanced when ice mantles of
grains are destroyed through photo-desorption or thermal-evaporation in PDRs,
and through sputtering in shocks. (abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Upper bound on the density of Ruelle resonances for Anosov flows
Using a semiclassical approach we show that the spectrum of a smooth Anosov
vector field V on a compact manifold is discrete (in suitable anisotropic
Sobolev spaces) and then we provide an upper bound for the density of
eigenvalues of the operator (-i)V, called Ruelle resonances, close to the real
axis and for large real parts.Comment: 57 page
The IRAM-30m line survey of the Horsehead PDR: IV. Comparative chemistry of H2CO and CH3OH
Aims. We investigate the dominant formation mechanism of H2CO and CH3OH in
the Horsehead PDR and its associated dense core. Methods. We performed deep
integrations of several H2CO and CH3OH lines at two positions in the Horsehead,
namely the PDR and dense core, with the IRAM-30m telescope. In addition, we
observed one H2CO higher frequency line with the CSO telescope at both
positions. We determine the H2CO and CH3OH column densities and abundances from
the single-dish observations complemented with IRAM-PdBI high-angular
resolution maps (6") of both species. We compare the observed abundances with
PDR models including either pure gas-phase chemistry or both gas-phase and
grain surface chemistry. Results. We derive CH3OH abundances relative to total
number of hydrogen atoms of ~1.2e-10 and ~2.3e-10 in the PDR and dense core
positions, respectively. These abundances are similar to the inferred H2CO
abundance in both positions (~2e-10). We find an abundance ratio H2CO/CH3OH of
~2 in the PDR and ~1 in the dense core. Pure gas-phase models cannot reproduce
the observed abundances of either H2CO or CH3OH at the PDR position. Both
species are therefore formed on the surface of dust grains and are subsequently
photodesorbed into the gas-phase at this position. At the dense core, on the
other hand, photodesorption of ices is needed to explain the observed abundance
of CH3OH, while a pure gas-phase model can reproduce the observed H2CO
abundance. The high-resolution observations show that CH3OH is depleted onto
grains at the dense core. CH3OH is thus present in an envelope around this
position, while H2CO is present in both the envelope and the dense core itself.
Conclusions. Photodesorption is an efficient mechanism to release complex
molecules in low FUV-illuminated PDRs, where thermal desorption of ice mantles
is ineffective.Comment: 12 pages, 5 tables, 7 figures; Accepted for publication in A&
Probing the Slope of Cluster Mass Profile with Gravitational Einstein Rings: Application to Abell 1689
The strong lensing modelling of gravitational ``rings'' formed around massive
galaxies is sensitive to the amplitude of the external shear and convergence
produced by nearby mass condensations. In current wide field surveys, it is now
possible to find out a large number of rings, typically 10 gravitational rings
per square degree. We propose here, to systematically study gravitational rings
around galaxy clusters to probe the cluster mass profile beyond the cluster
strong lensing regions. For cluster of galaxies with multiple arc systems, we
show that rings found at various distances from the cluster centre can improve
the modelling by constraining the slope of the cluster mass profile. We outline
the principle of the method with simple numerical simulations and we apply it
to 3 rings discovered recently in Abell~1689. In particular, the lens modelling
of the 3 rings confirms that the cluster is bimodal, and favours a slope of the
mass profile steeper than isothermal at a cluster radius \sim 300 \kpc. These
results are compared with previous lens modelling of Abell~1689 including weak
lensing analysis. Because of the difficulty arising from the complex mass
distribution in Abell~1689, we argue that the ring method will be better
implemented on simpler and relaxed clusters.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Substantial modification after
referee's repor
Giant Anisotropy of Spin-Orbit Splitting at the Bismuth Surface
We investigate the bismuth (111) surface by means of time and angle resolved
photoelectron spectroscopy. The parallel detection of the surface states below
and above the Fermi level reveals a giant anisotropy of the Spin-Orbit (SO)
spitting. These strong deviations from the Rashba-like coupling cannot be
treated in perturbation theory. Instead, first
principle calculations could accurately reproduce the experimental dispersion
of the electronic states. Our analysis shows that the giant anisotropy of the
SO splitting is due to a large out-of plane buckling of the spin and orbital
texture.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
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