The theory and practice of free trade

David M. Gould, Roy J. Ruffin, and Graeme L. Woodbridge argue that free trade is supported both by economic principles and evidence from countries that have followed open market policies. The authors demonstrate that the countries whose markets are the most open have higher real output and economic growth. ; The authors show that many arguments for protection obscure the benefits countries derive from international trade. High-wage countries not only can compete with low-wage countries, they dominate the world economic stage. Trade deficits or surpluses are not inherently bad or good, but rather reflect a country's consumption and investment decisions over time. Moreover, there is no evidence to suggest that imports cause systematic unemployment or that exports create systematic employment. The authors explain why industrial policies and protection designed to promote particular industries usually backfire; trade policies usually reflect the lobbying efforts of the most vocal and powerful self-interest groups.Free trade

XXXVII. Turbines

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Temperature Effects on Host-Seeking by Larval American Dog Ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say)

Author Institution: Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State UniversityHost-seeking activity of larval American dog ticks was measured by determining the proportion of unengorged larvae attached to white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), trapped overnight in Columbus, Ohio, in 1983. A positive linear correlation was found between larval host-seeking activity and evening ambient temperature. No similar correlation was found between this activity and insolation, relative humidity, average daily temperature, or ambient temperatures taken at other times of the day or night

An analysis of project high water data

Optical and radio frequency electromagnetic observations of high water release in ionosphere and atmospheric turbulence following liquid release in spac

Nuevas evidencias cuestionan la hipótesis del ayuno durante la migración para el aguilucho langostero (Buteo swainsoni)

We examined the fasting migration hypothesis for Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) by estimating the length, duration, and speed of the migration between North and South America and measuring changes in their body masses at various times throughout the year. We instrumented 34 adult Swainson’s Hawks with satellite radios on their breeding grounds in western North America to determine the duration, length, and speed of the migration. Migrating south at 188 km/day, it took Swainson’s Hawks 51 days to complete their 13504 km migration to their austral summer grounds. Averaging only 150 km/day on their return migration, it took them 60 days to complete the shorter 11952 km migration back to North America. Adult male and female Swainson’s Hawks had average body masses of 872 g and 1131 g, respectively, when they departed from North America in September and their body masses upon arrival in Argentina averaged 759 g for adult males and 933 g for adult females, indicating they lost only an average of 18% of their body masses during migration. Adult male and female Swainson’s Hawks had body masses of 792 g and 1013 g, respectively, in February prior to their departure from Argentina and they returned to the breeding grounds in North America weighing 802 g and 1087 g in April. Our results indicate that the fasting migration model does not predict the actual body masses of Swainson’s Hawks during the migration season and it should be modified to account for either lower energy expenditures during migration or the possibility that the birds use a stopover strategy during migration, feeding and regaining, or maintaining, fat stores along the migration route.Se examinó la hipótesis del ayuno durante la migración para el Aguilucho Langostero (Buteo swainsoni) mediante la estimación de la longitud, la duración y la velocidad de migración entre América del Norte y del Sur, y la medición de los cambios en el peso corporal en varios momentos a lo largo del año. Se colocaron transmisores satelitales a 34 aguiluchos adultos en sus áreas de cría en el oeste de América del Norte para determinar la duración, la longitud y la velocidad de la migración. En su migración al sur, a 188 km/día, el Aguilucho Langostero tarda 51 días para completar los 13504 km hasta las áreas donde permanece durante el verano austral. A un promedio de solo 150 km/día en su migración de retorno, le toma 60 días completar los 11952 km de regreso a América del Norte. Los machos y hembras adultos de Aguilucho Langostero tuvieron un peso corporal promedio de 872 g y 1131 g, respectivamente, cuando partían de América del Norte en septiembre, y su peso corporal al arribar a Argentina promedió 759 g en los machos adultos y 933 g en las hembras adultas, indicando que pierden, en promedio, solo el 18% de su peso corporal durante la migración. En febrero, antes de su partida de Argentina, los machos y hembras adultos de Aguilucho Langostero tuvieron un peso corporal de 792 g y 1013 g, respectivamente, y llegaron a sus áreas de cría en América del Norte pesando 802 g y 1087 g, en abril. Los resultados indican que el modelo de ayuno durante la migración no predice los pesos corporales reales del Aguilucho Langostero durante la estación migratoria y que debería ser modificado para dar cuenta de menores gastos energéticos durante la migración o la posibilidad de que las aves usen una estrategia de paradas durante la migración, alimentándose e incorporando (o manteniendo) grasa a lo largo de la ruta migratoria

Introduction: symbiosis as a living evolving critique

Different species, interacting in a symbiotic fashion, living together over a prolonged period of time, eventually co-evolving into new species: this vision of the biological phenomenon of symbiosis has created a strong impression—both of symbiosis as a metaphor and a material reality—of species in an intimate relationship together, cooperating in spite of differences, of becoming something else and transgressing boundaries. This idea has turned the concept of symbiosis, in its many guises and definitions, into a breeding ground for a posthuman, biologically and ecologically informed critique. Less focused on the biological process of symbiosis as such, our focus in Symbiosis: Ecologies, Assemblages and Evolution is more on how symbiosis can be used as a means to argue for an alternative worldview and even a better world...

VEGETATION AND LAND-USE CHANGE IN NORTHERN EUROPE DURING LATE ANTIQUITY: A REGIONAL-SCALE POLLEN-BASED RECONSTRUCTION

This chapter presents an overview of land cover and land use change in northern Europe, particularly during Late Antiquity (ca. 2nd-8th c. A.D.) based on fossil pollen preserved in sediments. We have transformed fossil pollen datasets from 462 sites into eight major land-cover classes using the pseudobiomization method (PBM). Through using pollen-vegetation evidence, we show that north-central Europe, lying outside the Roman frontier (the so-called ‘Barbaricum’ region), remained predominantly forested until Medieval times, with the main clearance phase only starting from ca. A.D. 750. This stands in contrast to north-west Europe, both inside (France/England) and outside (Scotland/Ireland) the Roman imperial frontier; here a majority of forested land was already cleared prior to antiquity. The implications of this are that Roman expansion into the periphery of the empire largely took over existing intensive agrarian regions in the case of ‘Gaul’ (France) and ‘Britannia’ (England and Wales). Pre-existing land-use systems and levels of landscape openness may have played a role in directing the expansion of the Roman empire northwards into Gaul and Britannia, rather than eastwards into Germania. After the period of Roman occupation, partial reforestation is evident in some areas

The Chernobyl Tissue Bank - A Repository for Biomaterial and Data Used in Integrative and Systems Biology Modeling the Human Response to Radiation

The only unequivocal radiological effect of the Chernobyl accident on human health is the increase in thyroid cancer in those exposed in childhood or early adolescence. In response to the scientific interest in studying the molecular biology of thyroid cancer post Chernobyl, the Chernobyl Tissue Bank (CTB: www.chernobyltissuebank.com) was established in 1998. Thus far it is has collected biological samples from 3,861 individuals, and provided 27 research projects with 11,254 samples. The CTB was designed from its outset as a resource to promote the integration of research and clinical data to facilitate a systems biology approach to radiation related thyroid cancer. The project has therefore developed as a multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, dosimetrists, molecular biologists and bioinformaticians and serves as a paradigm for tissue banking in the omics era