Computer Library Literature Review on Effectiveness of Antimotion Sickness Drugs

Physiological responses to antimotion sickness drugs - antihistamines, belladonnas, and phenothiazine

Color enhancement of landsat agricultural imagery: JPL LACIE image processing support task

Color enhancement techniques were applied to LACIE LANDSAT segments to determine if such enhancement can assist analysis in crop identification. The procedure involved increasing the color range by removing correlation between components. First, a principal component transformation was performed, followed by contrast enhancement to equalize component variances, followed by an inverse transformation to restore familiar color relationships. Filtering was applied to lower order components to reduce color speckle in the enhanced products. Use of single acquisition and multiple acquisition statistics to control the enhancement were compared, and the effects of normalization investigated. Evaluation is left to LACIE personnel

Constitutional and environmental factors related to serum lipid and lipoprotein levels

Serum lipoproteins and lipids in 657 human males correlated to multiple constitutional and environmental variable

Differentiation and Protective Capacity of Virus-Specific CD8

Noroviruses can establish chronic infections with active viral shedding in healthy humans but whether persistence is associated with adaptive immune dysfunction is unknown. We used genetically engineered strains of mouse norovirus (MNV) to investigate CD8+ T cell differentiation during chronic infection. We found that chronic infection drove MNV-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells to a differentiation state resembling inflationary effector responses against latent cytomegalovirus with only limited evidence of exhaustion. These MNV-specific Trm cells remained highly functional yet appeared ignorant of ongoing viral replication. Pre-existing MNV-specific Trm cells provided partial protection against chronic infection but largely ceased to detect virus within 72 hours of challenge, demonstrating rapid sequestration of viral replication away from T cells. Our studies revealed a strategy of immune evasion by MNV via the induction of a CD8+ T cell program normally reserved for latent pathogens and persistence in an immune-privileged enteric niche. Chronic infections often cause T cell dysfunction, but how noroviruses (NV) evade immunity is unknown. Tomov et al. show that gut-resident T cells against NV remain functional but ignorant of chronic viral replication, suggesting that NV persists in an immune-privileged enteric niche. © 2017 Elsevier Inc

Type I interferon receptor deficiency in dendritic cells facilitates systemic murine norovirus persistence despite enhanced adaptive immunity

In order for a virus to persist, there must be a balance between viral replication and immune clearance. It is commonly believed that adaptive immunity drives clearance of viral infections and, thus, dysfunction or viral evasion of adaptive immunity is required for a virus to persist. Type I interferons (IFNs) play pleiotropic roles in the antiviral response, including through innate control of viral replication. Murine norovirus (MNoV) replicates in dendritic cells (DCs) and type I IFN signaling in DCs is important for early control of MNoV replication. We show here that the non-persistent MNoV strain CW3 persists systemically when CD11c positive DCs are unable to respond to type I IFN. Persistence in this setting is associated with increased early viral titers, maintenance of DC numbers, increased expression of DC activation markers and an increase in CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Furthermore, CD8 T cell function is maintained during the persistent phase of infection and adaptive immune cells from persistently infected mice are functional when transferred to Rag1-/- recipients. Finally, increased early replication and persistence are also observed in mixed bone marrow chimeras where only half of the CD11c positive DCs are unable to respond to type I IFN. These findings demonstrate that increased early viral replication due to a cell-intrinsic innate immune deficiency is sufficient for persistence and a functional adaptive immune response is not sufficient for viral clearance

Self-Management: Parkinson’s as a Chronic Condition

Setting Parkinson’s is cited as a chronic disease which is a “disease… of long duration and generally slow progression”. The burden of chronic, neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s, is a growing problem worldwide, and it is necessary to find ways to support People Living with Parkinson’s (PlwP) and their carers world-wide. Objective This poster presents the results of a systematic review of the existing literature relating to selfmanagement in PlwP. Methods The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Embase were used to identify evidence such as randomised controlled trials and original literature, as well as evidence-based guidelines, evidence-based review articles and meta-analysis relevant to the topics reviewed. 3532 studies were found in total, of which 49 were appropriate for review. Selection was based on quality of evidence and relevance to the topic (table 1). Five studies were judged as meeting the inclusion criteria and included in the initial review. Data was extracted, summarised, coded and critiqued. Findings Five studies provided evidence related to the effectiveness of self-management. Four of the studies demonstrated beneficial impact but one study showed negative impact, namely worsening in fatigue scores. Emerging Themes Experience of illness: Three areas emerged from the evidence as particularly impacting on selfmanagement. Pain and fatigue was an area that was improved by CDSMP involvement. Deterioration and acceptance of loss of physical and mental function was a large issue for people living with the fluctuating nature of the disorder. Depression was positively impacted by the CDSMP, with increased sense of self-efficacy and reduced stress levels. Ways of coping: Relaxation was a key theme throughout the literature, which responded positively to mindfulness exercises. Self-tailoring was shown to be highly beneficial to participants, and was a particular focus for the young onset PlwP. Use of Health Services: Many of the studies found no impact on health service use, with only one finding any reduction in emergency room visits. It was noted that the participants had appropriate use of health services at baseline but developed better collaborative relationships with their healthcare teams. Self Efficacy: Self-efficacy was measured in the majority of studies and found to be worthwhile in most, with benefits sustained for one year. Overall Self-management improves self-efficacy, despite the progressive, fluctuating nature of Parkinson’s. It is limited by the health systems in which it is attempted, requiring a collaborative, flexible approach from Health Professionals. In the medical model, this becomes a source of frustration and conflict. Additionally, younger PlwP seem to have a higher desire to engage in self-management and collaborative medicine, requiring increased access and responsiveness from the services they are engaged with, a flexibility that is not possible in the current model of care. Conclusion Self-management is a valuable tool in the overall management for PlwP. Self-management also requires that the health system be accessible, reactive and collaborative, rather than a medical model system focussed on acute issues, and that healthcare professionals acknowledge the PlwP as someone knowledgeable about their condition and able to play an expert role in their own care. Many healthcare professionals would require support and education around this manner of working. A Parkinson's Disease Nurse Specialist is wellplaced to oversee and contribute a supervisory role for healthcare staff and PlwP as an element of a larger overall service for people living with the conditio

Enhancing therapeutic vaccination by blocking PD-1–mediated inhibitory signals during chronic infection

Therapeutic vaccination is a potentially promising strategy to enhance T cell immunity and viral control in chronically infected individuals. However, therapeutic vaccination approaches have fallen short of expectations, and effective boosting of antiviral T cell responses has not always been observed. One of the principal reasons for the limited success of therapeutic vaccination is that virus-specific T cells become functionally exhausted during chronic infections. We now provide a novel strategy for enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. In this study, we show that blocking programmed death (PD)-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signals on exhausted CD8+ T cells, in combination with therapeutic vaccination, synergistically enhances functional CD8+ T cell responses and improves viral control in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. This combinatorial therapeutic vaccination was effective even in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Thus, our study defines a potent new approach to augment the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination by blocking negative signals. Such an approach may have broad applications in developing treatment strategies for chronic infections in general, and perhaps also for tumors

Self-Management: Parkinson’s as a Chronic Condition

Setting Parkinson’s is cited as a chronic disease which is a “disease… of long duration and generally slow progression”. The burden of chronic, neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s, is a growing problem worldwide, and it is necessary to find ways to support People Living with Parkinson’s (PlwP) and their carers world-wide. Objective This poster presents the results of a systematic review of the existing literature relating to selfmanagement in PlwP. Methods The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Embase were used to identify evidence such as randomised controlled trials and original literature, as well as evidence-based guidelines, evidence-based review articles and meta-analysis relevant to the topics reviewed. 3532 studies were found in total, of which 49 were appropriate for review. Selection was based on quality of evidence and relevance to the topic (table 1). Five studies were judged as meeting the inclusion criteria and included in the initial review. Data was extracted, summarised, coded and critiqued. Findings Five studies provided evidence related to the effectiveness of self-management. Four of the studies demonstrated beneficial impact but one study showed negative impact, namely worsening in fatigue scores. Emerging Themes Experience of illness: Three areas emerged from the evidence as particularly impacting on selfmanagement. Pain and fatigue was an area that was improved by CDSMP involvement. Deterioration and acceptance of loss of physical and mental function was a large issue for people living with the fluctuating nature of the disorder. Depression was positively impacted by the CDSMP, with increased sense of self-efficacy and reduced stress levels. Ways of coping: Relaxation was a key theme throughout the literature, which responded positively to mindfulness exercises. Self-tailoring was shown to be highly beneficial to participants, and was a particular focus for the young onset PlwP. Use of Health Services: Many of the studies found no impact on health service use, with only one finding any reduction in emergency room visits. It was noted that the participants had appropriate use of health services at baseline but developed better collaborative relationships with their healthcare teams. Self Efficacy: Self-efficacy was measured in the majority of studies and found to be worthwhile in most, with benefits sustained for one year. Overall Self-management improves self-efficacy, despite the progressive, fluctuating nature of Parkinson’s. It is limited by the health systems in which it is attempted, requiring a collaborative, flexible approach from Health Professionals. In the medical model, this becomes a source of frustration and conflict. Additionally, younger PlwP seem to have a higher desire to engage in self-management and collaborative medicine, requiring increased access and responsiveness from the services they are engaged with, a flexibility that is not possible in the current model of care. Conclusion Self-management is a valuable tool in the overall management for PlwP. Self-management also requires that the health system be accessible, reactive and collaborative, rather than a medical model system focussed on acute issues, and that healthcare professionals acknowledge the PlwP as someone knowledgeable about their condition and able to play an expert role in their own care. Many healthcare professionals would require support and education around this manner of working. A Parkinson's Disease Nurse Specialist is wellplaced to oversee and contribute a supervisory role for healthcare staff and PlwP as an element of a larger overall service for people living with the conditio