Use of oral iodized oil to control iodine deficiency in Indonesia

Iodine deficiency is a leading cause of preventable mental retardation and universal salt iodization has been adopted as the main strategy for its control. However additional strategies are required where iodized salt cannot be made available in the short term or only with difficulty in the long term. Oral iodized oil supplementation is useful for this purpose. The aim of the work described in this thesis was to compare the efficacy of different preparations of oral iodized oil for controlling iodine deficiency. In addition, the performance of different outcome indicators of iodine deficiency, the impact of nutritional status and iodine supplementation on cognitive performance, as well as the effectiveness of salt iodization in the population were investigated. The studies were carried out in school children aged 8-10 y living in an endemic iodine deficient area in Indonesia.A single oral dose of iodized oil prepared from peanut oil which is rich in oleic acid resulted in three times higher retention of iodine and twice the length of protection than iodized oil prepared from poppyseed oil which has less oleic acid and more linoleic acid. Thus iodized oils based on oleic acid rich oils should be given preference to iodized poppyseed oil in programs to control iodine deficiency.Urinary iodine concentration and thyroid volume measured by ultrasound were found to be the most useful indicators for assessing iodine status and measuring the impact of iodized oil supplementation among iodine deficient school children. However thyroid palpation still has a useful place in assessing iodine status because no sophisticated equipment is required. Iodine status as measured by urinary iodine concentration at baseline and stunting were found to be related to the improvement of cognitive performance when children were dosed with iodized oil. The use of iodized salt, which was correlated with urinary iodine concentration and thyroid volume, resulted in improvement of the iodine status of the population studied. Apart from promulgation enabling legislation, much effort needs to be expended to increase the success of salt iodization for controlling iodine deficiency

Panel 2.11: Food Security and Nutrition

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.11, Food Security and Nutrition of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to food security and nutrition as pertain to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) findings; (2) key questions; (3) discussion; and (4) recommendation

Effect on longitudinal growth and anemia of zinc or multiple micronutrients added to vitamin A: a randomized controlled trial in children aged 6-24 months

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The benefits of zinc or multiple micronutrient supplementations in African children are uncertain. African children may differ from other populations of children in developing countries because of differences in the prevalence of zinc deficiency, low birth weight and preterm delivery, recurrent or chronic infections such as HIV, or the quality of complementary diets and genetic polymorphisms affecting iron metabolism.</p> <p>The aim of this study was to ascertain whether adding zinc or multiple micronutrients to vitamin A supplementation improves longitudinal growth or reduces prevalence of anemia in children aged 6-24 months.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Randomized, controlled double-blinded trial of prophylactic micronutrient supplementation to children aged 6-24 months. Children in three cohorts - 32 HIV-infected children, 154 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, and 187 uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected mothers - were separately randomly assigned to receive daily vitamin A (VA) [n = 124], vitamin A plus zinc (VAZ) [n = 123], or multiple micronutrients that included vitamin A and zinc (MM) [n = 126].</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among all children there were no significant differences between intervention arms in length-for-age Z scores (LAZ) changes over 18 months. Among stunted children (LAZ below -2) [n = 62], those receiving MM had a 0.7 Z-score improvement in LAZ versus declines of 0.3 in VAZ and 0.2 in VA (P = 0.029 when comparing effects of treatment over time). In the 154 HIV-uninfected children, MM ameliorated the effect of repeated diarrhea on growth. Among those experiencing more than six episodes, those receiving MM had no decline in LAZ compared to 0.5 and 0.6 Z-score declines in children receiving VAZ and VA respectively (P = 0.06 for treatment by time interaction). After 12 months, there was 24% reduction in proportion of children with anemia (hemoglobin below 11 g/dL) in MM arm (P = 0.001), 11% in VAZ (P = 0.131) and 18% in VA (P = 0.019). Although the within arm changes were significant; the between-group differences were not significant.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Daily multiple micronutrient supplementation combined with vitamin A was beneficial in improving growth among children with stunting, compared to vitamin A alone or to vitamin A plus zinc. Effects on anemia require further study.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number .NCT00156832.</p

Efficacy of oral iodized peanut oil is greater than that of iodized poppy seed oil among Indonesian schoolchildren

Background: Oral iodized poppy seed oil is an appropriate measure for controlling iodine deficiency in areas where iodized salt is not yet available. However, a more effective and cheaper iodized oil preparation is needed. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of iodized peanut oil with that of iodized poppy seed oil. Design: Schoolchildren aged 8-10 y were supplemented with a single oral dose of iodized peanut oil (P200, P400, or P800 mg I), iodized poppy seed oil (PS400 mg I), or peanut oil (placebo). The concentration of urinary iodine (UI) was measured at 0,4,12,25, and 50 wk, whereas thyroid volume and serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine concentrations were measured at 0, 25, and 50 wk. Results: UI was higher in all treatment groups than in the placebo group, except at baseline. UI in the P200 group was not significantly different from that in the PS400 group at all times of measurement. In a comparison of preparations supplying 400 mg I conducted by using a mathematical model, iodine retention from the peanut oil preparation was 3 times that from the poppy seed oil, and the protection period for peanut oil was twice as long as that for the poppy seed oil (P <0.001 for both). The reduction in thyroid volume was greater in the treatment groups than in the placebo group (P <0.001). No significant differences in serum hormone concentrations were observed between groups before or after treatment. Conclusion: Iodized peanut oil is more efficacious in controlling iodine deficiency than is iodized poppy seed oil containing the same amount of iodine

Time Dependence of Mg-Incorporation in Alumina Scales on FeCrAl Alloys Studies by FIB-Prepared Cross Sections

Minor alloying additions and alloy impurities can be of crucial importance for the protective properties of oxide scales on high temperature alloys. An example of an impurity is magnesium. In the present study, the effect of Mg impurity (concentration 80 ppm) on the oxidation behaviour of a commercial FeCrAl alloy at 1200degreesC was investigated. By a combination of various analysis techniques, such as optical metallography, SEM/EDX/WDX, X-ray diffraction and TEM, it was found that Mg appeared to become easily incorporated in the surface oxide already after relatively short exposure times.Comparison of the oxidation products showed a change in the scale growth mechanism to occur in course of the oxidation treatment. Magnesium was found to migrate through the alumina scale and it became enriched in the outer part of the oxide scale forming a layer of a (Mg,Mn)Al2O4 spinel. An important effect associated with the Mg-enrichment and spinet formation was the development of porosity within the scale which may be of great importance for the growth rate and adherence of the protective alumina based scale

Keys to Positive Thinking : 10 Langkah Singkat Menuju Kesehatan, Kesejahteraan dan Kesuksesan

Published around the world, Napoleon Hill is the motivational author of the popular "Think and Grow Rich". This ten-step program for positive thinking, taken from his published and unpublished writings, includes excerpts by the author in his own voice. The tapes will instill a "can do" attitude in every listener and will, in turn, lead to health, wealth, and success.190 hlm.; 21 c