The rate of TB-HIV co-infection depends on the prevalence of HIV infection in a community

Background: A complex interaction exists between tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at an individual and community level. Limited knowledge about the rate of HIV infection in TB patients and the general population compromises the planning, resource allocation and prevention and control activities. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of HIV infection in TB patients and its correlation with the rate HIV infection in pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in Southern Ethiopia. Methods: All TB patients and pregnant women attending health institutions for TB diagnosis and treatment and ANC were consecutively enrolled in 2004-2005. TB diagnosis, treatment and HIV testing were done according to the national guidelines. Blood samples were collected for anonymous HIV testing. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the risk factors for HIV infection and linear regression analysis to determine the correlation between HIV infection in TB patients and pregnant women. Results: Of the 1308 TB patients enrolled, 226 (18%) (95% CI: 15.8-20.0) were HIV positive. The rate of HIV infection was higher in TB patients from urban 25% (73/298) than rural areas 16% (149/945) [AOR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.27-2.48]. Of the 4199 pregnant women attending ANC, 155 (3.8%) [95% CI: 3.2-4.4] were HIV positive. The rate of HIV infection was higher in pregnant women from urban (7.5%) (80/1066) than rural areas (2.5%) (75/3025) [OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 2.31-4.41]. In the study participants attending the same health institutions, the rate of HIV infection in pregnant women correlated with the rate of HIV infection in TB patients (R-2 = 0.732). Conclusion: The rate of HIV infection in TB patients and pregnant women was higher in study participants from urban areas. The rate of HIV infection in TB patients was associated with the prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women attending ANC

Data from: Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry

Understanding the conditions that allow speciation to occur is difficult because most research has focused on either long-lived organisms or asexual microorganisms. We propagated bacteriophage λ, a virus with rapid generations and frequent recombination, on two Escherichia coli host genotypes that expressed either the LamB or OmpF receptor. When supplied with either single host (allopatry), λ improved its binding to the available receptor while losing its ability to use the alternative. When evolving on both hosts together (sympatry), the viruses split into two lineages with divergent receptor preferences. Although the level of divergence varied among replicates, some lineages evolved reproductive isolation via genetic incompatibilities. This outcome indicates that, under suitable conditions, allopatric and sympatric speciation can occur with similar ease

Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry

A laboratory model of viral speciation New species arise through the evolution of barriers to reproduction. This process is well understood where the emerging species are spatially isolated from one another. But the process of sympatric speciation—where the diverging species co-occur—is more enigmatic. Bacterial viruses make good models for addressing such questions because of their rapid generation times. Meyer et al. took bacteriophage λ and grew it on a mix of two strains of Escherichia coli. The virus duly split its host preferences into lineages with differing affinity for their respective E. coli hosts. In some experiments, the phages diverged to the extent that they became reproductively restricted to one strain of E. coli , even when the other was present. Science , this issue p. 1301 </jats:p

Framework of Resource Management for S-UMTS

The FUTURE (functional UMTS real emulator) project which aims in exploring applicability of native internet protocols in accordance with IETF multimedia data and control architecture in a combined terrestrial and satellite UMTS system was discussed. The project investigated the provision of real-time multimedia services in S-UMTS, T-UMTS and GPRS networks. The overall demonstrator architecture which consists of a bearer level and an application level was also presented. The satellite bearer system which includes the satellite PLSE, USRAN QoS modules-admission control, packet scheduler, diversity control and radio manager was also discussed

Rat ultrasonic vocalizations demonstrate that the motivation to contextually reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior does not necessarily involve a hedonic response

Human self-reports often indicate that changes in mood are a major contributor to drug relapse. Still, arguments have been made that instances of drug-seeking following abstinence in animal models (i.e. relapse/reinstatement) may be outside of hedonic control. Therefore, the present study utilized ultrasonic vocalizations in the rat in order to evaluate affect during cocaine self-administration (S-A) and contextual reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in a pre-clinical model of drug relapse (abstinence-reinstatement model). Results show that while subjects effectively reinstated drug-seeking (lever pressing) following 30 days of abstinence, and spontaneously recovered/reinstated drug seeking following 60 days of abstinence, ultrasonic vocalizations did not increase over baseline levels during either reinstatement session. These results are consistent with previous results from our laboratory and current theories of addiction suggesting that cues that are weakly-associated with drug consumption can motivate drug-seeking behavior that is outside of hedonic processing

Meyer Science 2016 Fig S1

Data collected for results shown in figure S1, see notes within the file and the manuscript for further guidance

UPWARD TERMINATION OF COMPLEX LARGE-SCALE INTERVALS OF SOFT-SEDIMENT DEFORMATION (SSD) IN THE NAVAJO SANDSTONE: DOES EROSIONAL TRUNCATION OCCUR BEFORE OR AFTER DEFORMATION?

Data collected for results shown in figure 3, see notes within the file and the manuscript for further guidance