Correction: What is the qualitative evidence concerning the risks, diagnosis, management and consequences of gastrointestinal infections in the community in the United Kingdom? A systematic review and meta-ethnography

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227630.]

The determination of rare earth elements by flame emission spectroscopy.

Rare earth elements are added to high quality steels to improve certain physical properties. This has led to increased interest in rare earth chemistry and particularly in the development of methods to determine trace levels of these elements in steel. Flame emission spectroscopy can provide a useful method for rare earth element analysis being concerned with lower energy levels than the conventional arc or spark emission system and preferred to the classical methods which have been criticised on grounds of sensitivity, selectivity or speed of analysis. The light lanthanoid elements Ce (primarily), La, Nd and Pr, were investigated using a reducing nitrous oxide/acetylene flame in a conventional atomic absorption spectrometer switched to an emission mode. Useful analytical lines and bands were determined and recorded for each element. The importance of flame temperature and flame chemistry for the efficient production of free atoms of these highly refractory rare earth elements was confirmed. The usefulness of an ionisation suppressor, e.g. K or Cs, and organic media to enhance the emission signal was also confirmed. The 2o detection limits were obtained for the four elements. The interference effects of typical elements found in specialised steels and the extent of mutual rare earth interference were investigated in detail and spectral interference found to be severe for some elements. The requirement for separation of the lanthanoids due to spectral interference and the desirability of lowering the available detection limit led to the investigation of a number of methods, e.g. ion exchange; solvent extraction and precipitation, to remove and concentrate the rare earth elements from the steel matrix. Two useful analytical methods have been developed involving solvent extraction, precipitation and flame emission spectroscopy for the determination of single rare earth additions to steel (involving hydroxide precipitation) and cerium in the presence of rare earth mixtures in steel (involving oxalate precipitation)

Interventions for families affected by HIV

Family-based interventions are efficacious for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection, prevention, and care, but they are not broadly diffused. Understanding intervention adaptation and translation processes can support evidence-based intervention (EBI) diffusion processes. This paper provides a narrative review of a series of EBI for families affected by HIV (FAH) that were adapted across five randomized controlled trials in the US, Thailand, and South Africa over 15 years. The FAH interventions targeted parents living with HIV and their children or caregiver supports. Parents with HIV were primarily mothers infected through sexual transmission. The EBIs for FAH are reviewed with attention to commonalities and variations in risk environments and intervention features. Frameworks for common and robust intervention functions, principles, practice elements, and delivery processes are utilized to highlight commonalities and adaptations for each location, time period, and intervention delivery settings. Health care, housing, food, and financial security vary dramatically in each risk environment. Yet, all FAH face common health, mental health, transmission, and relationship challenges. The EBIs efficaciously addressed these common challenges and were adapted across contexts with fidelity to robust intervention principles, processes, factors, and practices. Intervention adaptation teams have a series of structural decision points: mainstreaming HIV with other local health priorities or not; selecting an optimal delivery site (clinics, homes, community centers); and how to translate intervention protocols to local contexts and cultures. Replication of interventions with fidelity must occur at the level of standardized functions and robust principles, processes, and practices, not manualized protocols. Adopting a continuous quality improvement paradigm will enhance rapid and global diffusion of EBI for FAH

Child Psychosocial Adjustment and Parenting in Families Affected by Maternal HIV/AIDS

Child adjustment and parenting were examined in 23 9-through 16-year-old youth from families affected by maternal HIV infection and 20 same-age peers whose mothers were not infected. Children whose mothers were seropositive reported significantly more externalizing problems. Infected mothers reported less age-appropriate supervision/monitoring relative to non-infected mothers. Better mother-child relationship quality and less impairment in parental supervision/monitoring of age-appropriate youth behaviors were associated with fewer externalizing difficulties among the HIV-positive group only. Similarly, only among HIV-infected mothers was refraining from engaging in inconsistent disciplinary tactics associated with lower reports of internalizing and externalizing problems. These data highlight the promise of programs targeting parenting skills to prevent or ameliorate child difficulties

Linking pathogens, people and places: Using geo-ethnography to understand place-based, socio-economic inequalities in gastrointestinal infections in the UK

This ethnographic study in two socio-economically contrasting areas employed geo-ethnography, underpinned by a relational approach, to understand inequalities in gastrointestinal infections in families with young children. In our ‘relatively disadvantaged’ area, gastrointestinal infections spread to multiple households within a small radius, whereas in our ‘relatively advantaged’ area, illness was confined to one household or dispersed long distances. These differences were shaped by historical, social and economic contrasts in: housing; social networks and childcare arrangements; employment and household income. Our findings show how linking places, pathogens and people helps us understand inequalities in gastrointestinal infections and may be pertinent to other infectious diseases such as COVID-19