ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DE Tropaeolum tuberosum RUIZ & PAVÓN (MASHUA) Y SU APLICACIÓN COMO COLORANTE PARA YOGUR

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and use of ethanol extract of Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón (mashua) as colorant for yogurt. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS methods. The total content of anthocyanins (TA) and polyphenols (TP) was determined by the method of differential pH and Folin-Ciocalteu, respectively. Parameters of CIEL*a*b* system were used to measure the purple color and concentration of pigment used to color natural yogurt "3500", comparing with yogurt commercial blackberry "6224" which was taken as a reference. Both yogurt samples were stored under refrigeration (4°C ± 1) for 28 days and color and pH were measured every 4 days. For sensory analysis the acceptance test was applied (p<0,05). The contents of TA and TP in the extracts analyzed were 192,63 ± 1,28 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside/100g fresh weight (FW) and 314,12 ± 1,23 mg of gallic acid/100 g FW, respectively. The antioxidant capacity trolox equivalent obtained was 15,8 ± 0,2 µmol/g FW, using the DPPH assay, and 17,0 ± 0,2 µmol/g FW with ABTS, the extract was added to plain yogurt (1,2 mg/ 100 g) imparting the purple similar to commercial yogurt blackberry color with minimal changes that were not visually apparent; yogurt "3500" was significantly preferred by judges against the yogurt "6224". It is concluded that the extracted pigments tuber Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon, possess antioxidant activity, appearing as an alternative of colorant aplicable intermediate acidity foods like yogurt.El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante y uso del extracto etanólico de Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón (mashua) como colorante para yogur. La actividad antioxidante se determinó por los métodos DPPH y ABTS. El contenido total de antocianinas (AT) y polifenoles (PT) fue determinado por el método de pH diferencial y Folin-Ciocalteu, respectivamente. Los parámetros del sistema CIEL*a*b* se utilizaron para medir el color morado y la concentración de pigmento empleado para colorear el yogur natural “3500”, comparándose con yogur comercial de mora “6224”, que fue tomado como referencia. Ambas muestras de yogur se almacenaron bajo condiciones de refrigeración (4°C ± 1) durante 28 días; se les midió color y pH cada 4 días. Para el análisis sensorial se aplicó la prueba de aceptación (p<0,05). El contenido de AT y PT en los extractos analizados fueron 192,63 ± 1,28 mg de cianidina-3-glucósido/100g peso fresco (PF) y de 314,12 ± 1,23 mg de ácido gálico/100g PF, respectivamente. La capacidad antioxidante equivalente al trolox obtenida fue de 15,8 ± 0,2 µmol/g PF, aplicando el ensayo DPPH, y 17,0 ± 0,2 µmol/g PF con ABTS. El extracto se adicionó al yogur natural (1,2 mg/100 g) impartiendo un color morado similar al del yogur comercial de mora con mínimos cambios del color que no fueron visualmente evidentes; el yogur “3500” fue significativamente el preferido por los jueces frente al yogur “6224”. Se concluye que los pigmentos extraídos del tubérculo de Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón, poseen actividad antioxidante, presentándose como una alternativa de colorante aplicable en alimentos de acidez intermedia como el yogur

Thrombolytic removal of intraventricular haemorrhage in treatment of severe stroke: results of the randomised, multicentre, multiregion, placebo-controlled CLEAR III trial

Background: Intraventricular haemorrhage is a subtype of intracerebral haemorrhage, with 50% mortality and serious disability for survivors. We aimed to test whether attempting to remove intraventricular haemorrhage with alteplase versus saline irrigation improved functional outcome. Methods: In this randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multiregional trial (CLEAR III), participants with a routinely placed extraventricular drain, in the intensive care unit with stable, non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage volume less than 30 mL, intraventricular haemorrhage obstructing the 3rd or 4th ventricles, and no underlying pathology were adaptively randomly assigned (1:1), via a web-based system to receive up to 12 doses, 8 h apart of 1 mg of alteplase or 0·9% saline via the extraventricular drain. The treating physician, clinical research staff, and participants were masked to treatment assignment. CT scans were obtained every 24 h throughout dosing. The primary efficacy outcome was good functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) of 3 or less at 180 days per central adjudication by blinded evaluators. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00784134. Findings: Between Sept 18, 2009, and Jan 13, 2015, 500 patients were randomised: 249 to the alteplase group and 251 to the saline group. 180-day follow-up data were available for analysis from 246 of 249 participants in the alteplase group and 245 of 251 participants in the placebo group. The primary efficacy outcome was similar in each group (good outcome in alteplase group 48% vs saline 45%; risk ratio [RR] 1·06 [95% CI 0·88–1·28; p=0·554]). A difference of 3·5% (RR 1·08 [95% CI 0·90–1·29], p=0·420) was found after adjustment for intraventricular haemorrhage size and thalamic intracerebral haemorrhage. At 180 days, the treatment group had lower case fatality (46 [18%] vs saline 73 [29%], hazard ratio 0·60 [95% CI 0·41–0·86], p=0·006), but a greater proportion with mRS 5 (42 [17%] vs 21 [9%]; RR 1·99 [95% CI 1·22–3·26], p=0·007). Ventriculitis (17 [7%] alteplase vs 31 [12%] saline; RR 0·55 [95% CI 0·31–0·97], p=0·048) and serious adverse events (114 [46%] alteplase vs 151 [60%] saline; RR 0·76 [95% CI 0·64–0·90], p=0·002) were less frequent with alteplase treatment. Symptomatic bleeding (six [2%] in the alteplase group vs five [2%] in the saline group; RR 1·21 [95% CI 0·37–3·91], p=0·771) was similar. Interpretation: In patients with intraventricular haemorrhage and a routine extraventricular drain, irrigation with alteplase did not substantially improve functional outcomes at the mRS 3 cutoff compared with irrigation with saline. Protocol-based use of alteplase with extraventricular drain seems safe. Future investigation is needed to determine whether a greater frequency of complete intraventricular haemorrhage removal via alteplase produces gains in functional status

Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE III): a randomised, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint phase 3 trial

Acute stroke due to supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Open craniotomy haematoma evacuation has not been found to have any benefit in large randomised trials. We assessed whether minimally invasive catheter evacuation followed by thrombolysis (MISTIE), with the aim of decreasing clot size to 15 mL or less, would improve functional outcome in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. MISTIE III was an open-label, blinded endpoint, phase 3 trial done at 78 hospitals in the USA, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Asia. We enrolled patients aged 18 years or older with spontaneous, non-traumatic, supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage of 30 mL or more. We used a computer-generated number sequence with a block size of four or six to centrally randomise patients to image-guided MISTIE treatment (1·0 mg alteplase every 8 h for up to nine doses) or standard medical care. Primary outcome was good functional outcome, defined as the proportion of patients who achieved a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-3 at 365 days, adjusted for group differences in prespecified baseline covariates (stability intracerebral haemorrhage size, age, Glasgow Coma Scale, stability intraventricular haemorrhage size, and clot location). Analysis of the primary efficacy outcome was done in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population, which included all eligible, randomly assigned patients who were exposed to treatment. All randomly assigned patients were included in the safety analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01827046. Between Dec 30, 2013, and Aug 15, 2017, 506 patients were randomly allocated: 255 (50%) to the MISTIE group and 251 (50%) to standard medical care. 499 patients (n=250 in the MISTIE group; n=249 in the standard medical care group) received treatment and were included in the mITT analysis set. The mITT primary adjusted efficacy analysis estimated that 45% of patients in the MISTIE group and 41% patients in the standard medical care group had achieved an mRS score of 0-3 at 365 days (adjusted risk difference 4% [95% CI -4 to 12]; p=0·33). Sensitivity analyses of 365-day mRS using generalised ordered logistic regression models adjusted for baseline variables showed that the estimated odds ratios comparing MISTIE with standard medical care for mRS scores higher than 5 versus 5 or less, higher than 4 versus 4 or less, higher than 3 versus 3 or less, and higher than 2 versus 2 or less were 0·60 (p=0·03), 0·84 (p=0·42), 0·87 (p=0·49), and 0·82 (p=0·44), respectively. At 7 days, two (1%) of 255 patients in the MISTIE group and ten (4%) of 251 patients in the standard medical care group had died (p=0·02) and at 30 days, 24 (9%) patients in the MISTIE group and 37 (15%) patients in the standard medical care group had died (p=0·07). The number of patients with symptomatic bleeding and brain bacterial infections was similar between the MISTIE and standard medical care groups (six [2%] of 255 patients vs three [1%] of 251 patients; p=0·33 for symptomatic bleeding; two [1%] of 255 patients vs 0 [0%] of 251 patients; p=0·16 for brain bacterial infections). At 30 days, 76 (30%) of 255 patients in the MISTIE group and 84 (33%) of 251 patients in the standard medical care group had one or more serious adverse event, and the difference in number of serious adverse events between the groups was statistically significant (p=0·012). For moderate to large intracerebral haemorrhage, MISTIE did not improve the proportion of patients who achieved a good response 365 days after intracerebral haemorrhage. The procedure was safely adopted by our sample of surgeons. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Genentech. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isotopic characterization of water masses in the Southeast Pacific region: Paleoceanographic implications

In this study, we used stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O), deuterium (δD), and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in combination with temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrient concentrations to characterize the coastal (71-78 °W) and an oceanic (82-98 °W) water masses (SAAW-Subantarctic Surface Water; STW-Subtropical Water; ESSW-Equatorial Subsurface water; AAIW-Antarctic Intermediate Water; PDW-Pacific Deep Water) of the Southeast Pacific (SEP). The results show that δ18O and δD can be used to differentiate between SAAW-STW, SAAW-ESSW and ESSW-AAIW. δ13CDIC signatures can be used to differentiate between STW-ESSW (oceanic section), SAAW-ESSW, ESSW-AAIW and AAIW-PDW. Compared with the oceanic section, our new coastal section highlights differences in both the chemistry and geometry of water masses above 1000 m. Previous paleoceanographic studies using marine sediments from the SEP continental margin used the present-day hydrological oceanic transect to compare against, as the coastal section was not sufficiently characterized. We suggest that our new results of the coastal section should be used for past characterizations of the SEP water masses that are usually based on continental margin sediment samples

Isotopic characterization of water masses in the Southeast Pacific region: Paleoceanography implications

This study aims at measuring and understanding the characteristics of the Southeast Pacific (SEP) water masses using stable isotopes of oxygen, deuterium and dissolved inorganic carbon along with other parameters such as temperature, salinity and oxygen, and nutrient concentrations. The data set summarizes new measurements and published data from 1992 to 2018 bellow 55 m water depth from the following expeditions: TAITAO, SO-261, SO-245, 316N138-3 (P06), 49NZ20030909 (P06), 318M20100105 (P06), LOWPHOX 1, RR9702a, SO-102, SO-211, Station18-Udec, CIMAR-21, Crio1812, 316N138_12 (P19), M93. In all expeditions, Seabird-CTDs attached to Rosettes of Niskin bottles were used to measure conductivity, temperature, pressure and oxygen. Carbon, oxygen, deuterium and nutrient samples were siphoned from Niskin bottles into 4-15 mL plastic vials, measured onboard or stored at -20 ºC for later measurements. In the paper, the data is separated into coastal (71-78 °W) and oceanic section (82-98 °W). However, we incorporate in the data reservoir as well an intermediate section (79-81 °W). Several paleoceanographic studies in marine sediments records from the Peru-Chile Continental Margin compare their results with oceanic data, due to insufficient hydrological characterization of the coastal section. The new data provide here were collected near the sediment core sites in the region, giving the chance to begin used as a present-day hydrological analogue for paleoenvironmental reconstructions