Características clínicas de pacientes llevados a monitoría externa de eventos

ResumenPara la evaluación del paciente con síntomas que sugieran arritmia cardiaca existen varios métodos que pueden ser utilizados. En ese sentido, los monitores externos de eventos pueden mejorar la sensibilidad del diagnóstico. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal, que incluyó la revisión de resultados de la monitoría externa de eventos de 203 pacientes.El motivo más común por el cual se solicitó el monitor externo de eventos fueron las palpitaciones en 161 pacientes (79,3%), seguidas por síncope en 21 pacientes (10,3%). El diagnóstico más habitual fue el ritmo sinusal normal sin otras alteraciones en 59 pacientes (29%), seguido por taquicardia sinusal en 54 (26,6%), extrasistolia ventricular en 24 (11,8%), extrasistolia auricular en 17 (8,3%), taquicardia auricular no sostenida en 12 (5,9%) y, en forma menos frecuente, taquicardia supraventricular en 8 (3,94%), taquicardia ventricular no sostenida en 5 (2,4%) y trastorno de la conducción interventricular en 6 (2,9%).Este es el primer estudio descriptivo de la monitoría externa de eventos llevado a cabo en Colombia. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico y de diagnóstico electrocardiográfico, los hallazgos son similares a los resultados de estudios previos, con las limitaciones que ofrece un análisis de este tipo.AbstractThere are a variety of methods that can be used for the evaluation of patients with symptoms suggestive of cardiac arrhythmia; in this regard, external monitoring of events can improve the sensitivity of diagnosis. A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study, which included review of the results of external monitoring of events of 203 patients was performed.The most common reason for requesting external monitoring of events was palpitations in 161 patients (79.3%), followed by syncope in 21 patients (10.3%). The most common diagnosis was normal sinus rhythm with no other abnormalities in 59 patients (29%), followed by sinus tachycardia in 54 (26.6%), ventricular extrasystoles in 24 (11.8%), atrial extrasystoles in 17 (8.3%), non-sustained atrial tachycardia in 12 (5.9%), and less frequently supraventricular tachycardia in 8 (3.94%), non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in 5 patients (2.4%) and interventricular conduction disturbance in 6 (2.9%).This is the first descriptive study of external monitoring of events held in Colombia. From the epidemiological and diagnosis electrocardiographic point of view, the findings are similar to results of previous studies, with the limitations that provides this type of analysis

Continuous multi-criteria methods for crop and soil conservation planning on La Colacha (Río Cuarto, Province of Cordoba, Argentina)

Agro-areas of Arroyos Menores (La Colacha) west and south of Rand south of R?o Cuarto (Prov. of Cordoba, Argentina) basins are very fertile but have high soil loses. Extreme rain events, inundations and other severe erosions forming gullies demand urgently actions in this area to avoid soil degradation and erosion supporting good levels of agro production. The authors first improved hydrologic data on La Colacha, evaluated the systems of soil uses and actions that could be recommended considering the relevant aspects of the study area and applied decision support systems (DSS) with mathematic tools for planning of defences and uses of soils in these areas. These were conducted here using multi-criteria models, in multi-criteria decision making (MCDM); first of discrete MCDM to chose among global types of use of soils, and then of continuous MCDM to evaluate and optimize combined actions, including repartition of soil use and the necessary levels of works for soil conservation and for hydraulic management to conserve against erosion these basins. Relatively global solutions for La Colacha area have been defined and were optimised by Linear Programming in Goal Programming forms that are presented as Weighted or Lexicographic Goal Programming and as Compromise Programming. The decision methods used are described, indicating algorithms used, and examples for some representative scenarios on La Colacha area are given

A Cross-Sectional Study of Prisoners in Mexico City Comparing Prevalence of Transmissible Infections and Chronic Diseases with That in the General Population.

ObjectivesTo describe patterns of transmissible infections, chronic illnesses, socio-demographic characteristics and risk behaviors in Mexico City prisons, including in comparison to the general population, to identify those currently needing healthcare and inform policy.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study among 17,000 prisoners at 4 Mexico City prisons (June to December 2010). Participation was voluntary, confidential and based on informed consent. Participants were tested for HIV, Hepatitis B & C, syphilis, hypertension, obesity, and, if at risk, glucose and cholesterol. A subset completed a questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics and risk behaviors. Positive results were delivered with counseling and treatment or referral.Results76.8% (15,517/20,196) of men and 92.9% (1,779/1,914) of women participated. Complete data sets were available for 98.8%. The following prevalence data were established for transmissible infections: HIV 0.7%; syphilis: Anti-TP+/VDRL+ 2.0%; Hepatitis B: HBcAb 2.8%, HBsAg 0.15%; Anti-HCV 3.2%. Obesity: 9.5% men, 33.8% women. Compared with national age- and sex-matched data, the relative prevalence was greater for HIV and syphilis among women, HIV and Hepatitis C in men, and all infections in younger participants. Obesity prevalence was similar for women and lower among male participants. The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes and hypertension was lower. Questionnaire data (1,934 men, 520 women) demonstrated lower educational levels, increased smoking and substance use compared to national data. High levels of non-sterile tattooing, physical abuse and histories of sexual violence were found.ConclusionThe study identified that health screening is acceptable to Mexico City prisoners and feasible on a large-scale. It demonstrated higher prevalence of HIV and other infections compared to national data, though low rates compared to international data. Individual participants benefited from earlier diagnosis, treatment and support. The data collected will also enable the formulation of improved policy for this vulnerable group

A kinetic and Kinematic analysis in two assessment situation with bench press. Free Weight vs Smith Machine. Project pilot.

En este estudio piloto se analizan algunas de las variables cinéticas y cinemáticas que pueden afectar a la situación de ejecución/evaluación del Press de Banca, en máquina Smith (PMS) vs con barra y discos (PBL). Dos sujetos entrenados participaron en esta investigación habiendo sido informados previamente de la finalidad de la misma. En dos momentos se llevó a cabo un protocolo incremental de cargas hasta alcanzar su máximo peso a desplazar en una repetición (1-RM), uno para el PMS y otro para el PBL. El Sujeto 1 (S-1) manifestó valores de fuerza de 770 y 837 N, en PBL y PMS, alcanzando este pico máximo de fuerza (PMF) a los 28 y 12 ms, respectivamente. En el caso del Sujeto 2 (S-2), los valores de PMF fueron de 693 y 849 N, empleando un tiempo en alcanzar estos PMF fue de 60 y 66 ms, en PBL y PMS, respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis detallado de las curvas de “sticking period”, las distancias de agarre e inclinación de la barra. Como conclusión más relevante de nuestro trabajo y como base para futuras investigaciones, decir que a la hora de entrenar, el ejercicio en PBL puede ser más aconsejado. Mientras que para evaluar, el ejercicio en PMS aporta información más fiable en cuanto a las variables relevantes de la fuerza.This pilot study examines the most relevant kinetic and kinematics variables in two bench press exercises; Smith Machine (PMS) vs. free weights (PBL). Two trained subjects participated in the research following informed consent. To determine the maximum load (1- RM), two incremental protocols were used for PMS and PBL. Subject 1 (S-1) produced force values of 770N and 837N, peak force of 28ms and 12ms, in PBL and PMS respectively. Values for subject 2 (S-2) were 693N and 849N, PMF of 60ms and 66ms for PBL and PMS respectively. Detailed analyses of the following variables were performed; velocity curves for each load, the “sticking period”, the distances of grip width, and changes in bar inclination during the ascent phase of the lift were examined. The key findings of this research, and the basis for future research demonstrate that PBL is recommended as a training exercise, while more reliable information regarding force variables can be attained through using PMS in measurement sessions.peerReviewe

Bis(hydrosulfido)-bridged dinuclear rhodium(I) complexes as a platform for the synthesis of trinuclear sulfido aggregates with the core [MRh2(μ3-S2)] (M = Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ru)

The reaction of [Rh(μ-SH)(CO)(PPh3)]2 or [Rh(μ-SH){P(OPh)3}2]2 with [Cp*MCl2]2 (M = Rh, Ir) in the presence of NEt3 afforded the Rh3 and IrRh2 sulfido-bridged compounds [Cp*M(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (M = Rh, 1; Ir, 2) and [Cp*Rh(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (3). The reaction with [MCl2(cod)] (M = Pd, Pt), cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] or [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2]2 under the same experimental conditions gave [(cod)M(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (M = Pd, 6; Pt, 7), [(cod)M(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (M = Pd, 8; Pt, 9), [(PPh3)2Pt(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (10) and [(η6-C6H6)Ru(μ3-S)2Rh2(CO)2(PPh3)2] (12), with PdRh2, PtRh2 and RuRh2 trimetallic cores. The aggregates derived from [Rh(μ-SH)(CO)(PPh3)]2 were isolated as a mixture of trans and cis isomers in which the trans isomer predominates. The reaction of [Rh(μ-SH){P(OPh)3}2]2 with 2 equiv. of n-BuLi at 253 K followed by addition of [Cp*IrCl2]2 gave [Cp*Ir(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (4) and [Cp*2ClIr2(μ3-S)2Rh{P(OPh)3}2] (5) in a 3:2 ratio. The RuRh2 compound [(η6-C6H6)Ru(μ3-S)2Rh2{P(OPh)3}4] (11) was prepared similarly from [Rh(μ-SH){P(OPh)3}2]2 and [(η6-C6H6)RuCl2]2 using n-BuLi as a deprotonating agent. The molecular structures of compounds 3, 6, 7, 9 and 11 have been determined by X-ray analysis. The trinuclear complexes exhibit an asymmetric triangular metal core with two triply bridging sulfido ligands resulting in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal M3(μ3-S)2 heterometallic metal–sulfur core.Financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN/FEDER) of Spain (Project CTQ2010-15221), the Diputación General de Aragón (E07), and CONSOLIDER INGENIO-2010, Projects MULTICAT (CSD2009-00050) and Factoría de Cristalización (CSD2006-0015) is gratefully acknowledged.Peer Reviewe

Hyperleptinaemia, respiratory drive and hypercapnic response in obese patients

Leptin is a powerful stimulant of ventilation in rodents. In humans, resistance to leptin has been consistently associated with obesity. Raised leptin levels have been reported in subjects with sleep apnoea or obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. The aim of the present study was to assess, by multivariate analysis, the possible association between respiratory centre impairment and levels of serum leptin. In total, 364 obese subjects (body mass index >or=30 kg.m(-2)) underwent the following tests: sleep studies, respiratory function tests, baseline and hypercapnic response (mouth occlusion pressure (P(0.1)), minute ventilation), fasting leptin levels, body composition and anthropometric measures. Subjects with airways obstruction on spirometry were excluded. Out of the 346 subjects undergoing testing, 245 were included in the current analysis. Lung volumes, age, log leptin levels, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, percentage body fat and minimal nocturnal saturation were predictors for baseline P(0.1). The hypercapnic response test was performed by 186 subjects; log leptin levels were predictors for hypercapnic response in males, but not in females. Hyperleptinaemia is associated with a reduction in respiratory drive and hypercapnic response, irrespective of the amount of body fat. These data suggest the extension of leptin resistance to the respiratory centre

Pyridinethiolate titanocene metalloligands and their self-assembly reactions to yield early–late metallamacrocycles

New titanocene pyridinethiolate compounds [(RCp)2Ti(4-Spy)2] (R = H (1), Me (2); Cp = cyclopentadienyl; 4-Spy = pyridine-4-thiolate) and [Cp2Ti(2-Spy)2] (3; 2-Spy = pyridine-2-thiolate) have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding Li(Spy) salt with the appropriate compound [(RCp)2TiCl2]. Compounds 1 and 2 have been used as metalloligands in self-assembly reactions with the acceptor late-transition-metal compounds [M(H2O)2(dppp)](OTf)2 (M = Pd (a) Pt (b); dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane), and the series of early–late tetranuclear metallamacrocycles [{(RCp)2Ti(4-Spy)2}{M(dppp)}]2(OTf)4 (R = H, M = Pd (12a2); R = H, M = Pt (12b2); R = Me, M = Pd (22a2); R = Me, M = Pt (22b2)) arising from the anti isomer of the titanocene metalloligands have been obtained. Only ligand transfer reactions from Ti to either Pd or Pt atoms have been observed when the pyridine-2-thiolate derivative 3 has been assayed in self-assembly processes. The obtained species have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI(+) mass spectrometry. The supramolecular assemblies have shown to be nonrigid in solution, and their fluxional behavior has been studied by VT 1H NMR spectroscopy. A DFT study including ab initio molecular dynamics in order to elucidate the structures and the relative stability of the isomers has been performed.Financial support for this work was provided by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO/FEDER) of Spain (CTQ2013-42532-P and CTQ2012-31335), Diputación General de Aragón (Group E07) and Fondo Social Europeo. E.R. thanks Generalitat de Catalunya for an ICREA Academia fellowship.Peer reviewe

Mechanomyographic measures of muscle contractile properties are influenced by electrode size and stimulation pulse duration

The aim was to determine the effects of changing pulse duration and electrode size on muscle contractile properties. Thirty-six healthy young male participated in the study (age 24.8 ± 5.8 years; height 178.2 ± 0.6 cm; body mass 71.8 ± 7.3 kg; self-reported weekly moderate intensity activity 3.5 ± 1.2 h·week−1). Tensiomyography was used to assess rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles neuromuscular properties of the dominant leg according to the electrode size (3.2–5 cm) and the stimulus length (0.2, 0.5, and 1 ms). Maximal radial displacement (Dm); Contraction time (Tc); Delay time (Td); Sustained time (Ts) and Half relaxation time (Tr) were measured. Relative and absolute reliability was quantified. To analyze the effects of the electrode and the stimulus length, a repeated-measures analysis of variance was used. Dm and Tc parameters showed for both muscles an excellent relative (0.95–0.99) and absolute reliability (1.6–4.2%). However, Ts and Tr showed low values of absolute reliability (4.4–40.9%). The duration of the stimulus length applied to the RF and VM and electrode size significantly influences muscle’s contractile properties (p < 0.05; η2p = 0.09–0.60). The Dm increases substantially as the duration of the stimulus increases and with the use of the larger electrode in both muscles. However, Tc and Td are less affected by both conditions and not entirely clear. Practically, our study suggests that a stimulus pulse duration of 1 ms together with a 5 × 5 cm electrode is necessary to reach a reliable and reproducible assessment of both RF and VM muscles contractile properti

Dinuclear pyridine-4-thiolate-bridged rhodium and iridium complexes as ditopic building blocks in molecular architecture

A series of dinuclear pyridine-4-thiolate (4-Spy)-bridged rhodium and iridium compounds [M(μ-4-Spy)(diolef)]2 [diolef = 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod), M = Rh (1), Ir (2); diolef = 2,5-norbornadiene (nbd), M = Rh (3)] were prepared by the reaction of Li(4-Spy) with the appropriate compound [M(μ-Cl)(diolef)]2 (M = Rh, Ir). The dinuclear compound [Rh(μ-4-Spy)(CO)(PPh3)]2 (4) was obtained by the reaction of [Rh(acac)(CO)(PPh3)] (acac = acetylacetonate) with 4-pySH. Compounds 1-4 were assessed as metalloligands in self-assembly reactions with the cis-blocked acceptors [M(cod)(NCCH3)2](BF 4) [M = Rh (a), Ir (b)] and [M(H2O)2(dppp)] (OTf)2 [M = Pd (c), Pt (d); dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane] . The homometallic hexanuclear metallomacrocycles [{M2(μ-4-Spy) 2(cod)2}2{M(cod)}2](BF 4)2 (M = Rh [(1a)2], Ir [(2b)2]) and the heterometallic hexanuclear metallomacrocycles [{Rh2(μ-4-Spy) 2(cod)2}2{Ir(cod)}2](BF 4)2 [(1b)2], [{Rh2(μ-4-Spy) 2(cod)2}2{M′(dppp)}2](OTf) 4 (M′ = Pd [(1c)2], Pt [(1d)2]), and [{Ir2(μ-4-Spy)2(cod)2}2{M′ (dppp)}2](OTf)4 (M′ = Pd [(2c)2], Pt [(2d)2]) were obtained. NMR spectroscopy in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to elucidate the nature of the metalloligands and their respective supramolecular assemblies. Most of the synthesized species were found to be nonrigid in solution, and their fluxional behavior was studied by variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. An X-ray diffraction study of the assemblies (1a)2 and (1d)2 revealed the formation of rectangular (9.6 Å × 6.6 Å) hexanuclear metallomacrocycles with alternating dinuclear (Rh2) and mononuclear (Rh or Pt) corners. The hexanuclear core is supported by four pyridine-4-thiolate linkers, which are bonded through the thiolate moieties to the dinuclear rhodium units, exhibiting a bent-anti arrangement, and through the peripheral pyridinic nitrogen atoms to the mononuclear corners.Financial support for this work was provided by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO/FEDER) of Spain (Projects CTQ2010-15221 and CTQ2012-31335), Diputación General de Aragón (Group E07), and Fondo Social Europeo.Peer Reviewe