149 research outputs found

    ”Oppilaat lĂ€htevĂ€t hyvin mukaan jopa jumppajuttuihin”:en studie om anvĂ€ndning av fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt i undervisning av hĂ€lsokunskap och svenska pĂ„ högstadiet

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    Abstrakt. Denna pro gradu-avhandling behandlade anvĂ€ndning av fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt i undervisning av hĂ€lsokunskap och svenska pĂ„ högstadiet. Fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt har blivit allt vanligare i undervisningen under de senaste Ă„ren. Det sĂ€gs Ă€ven i den nyaste lĂ€roplanen för grundlĂ€ggande utbildning, som togs i bruk hösten 2016, att aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt samt rörelse motiverar elever och bidrar till glĂ€dje i lĂ€randet. MĂ„nga undersökningar visar att fysisk aktivitet har positiva effekter bland annat pĂ„ inlĂ€rning. Jag mĂ€rkte detta under min lĂ€rarpraktik, och dĂ€rför vill jag anvĂ€nda fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt i min undervisning. Syftet med avhandlingen var att samla in idĂ©er om fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt samt fĂ„ svar pĂ„ forskningsfrĂ„gorna som var följande: Vilka fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt anvĂ€nder lĂ€rarna i undervisning av hĂ€lsokunskap och svenska? Vilka effekter har anvĂ€ndning av fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt? Vilka slags likheter och skillnader i anvĂ€ndning av fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt finns det mellan undervisning i hĂ€lsokunskap samt svenskundervisning? Materialinsamlingsmetoden var enkĂ€t, och svaren samlades in under 12.10‒14.11.2021. Materialet bestod av 24 lĂ€rares enkĂ€tsvar, och av informanterna var 9 svensklĂ€rare och 15 hĂ€lsokunskapslĂ€rare. Materialet analyserades kvalitativt eller kvantitativt, och den valda analysmetoden var en materialbaserad innehĂ„llsanalys. De viktigaste resultaten Ă€r att fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt som informanterna anvĂ€nder Ă€r bland annat pausgymnastik, svarandet genom rörelser, anvĂ€ndning av skolans andra utrymmen, stationsinlĂ€rning samt platsbyte mitt i lektionen. Informanterna anvĂ€nder Ă€ven olika spel, lekar och mobilapplikationer som aktiverar eleverna under lektionen. Resultaten visar att fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt har positiva effekter bland annat pĂ„ elevernas koncentration, motivation och inlĂ€rning, men enligt informanterna har dessa arbetssĂ€tt bĂ„de positiva och negativa effekter pĂ„ arbetsron. PĂ„ basis av denna undersökning finns det mycket likheter i undervisning av hĂ€lsokunskap och svenska men bara nĂ„gra skillnader. Den mest framtrĂ€dande skillnaden Ă€r att hĂ€lsokunskapslĂ€rarna anvĂ€nder redskap som ökar fysisk aktivitet, som till exempel gymnastikbollar. Denna undersökning visar att det Ă€r nödvĂ€ndigt att anvĂ€nda fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt i undervisningen, eftersom fysisk aktivitet har mĂ„nga positiva effekter. Undersökningen ger mĂ„nga idĂ©er om fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt, och jag tror att alla Ă€mneslĂ€rare kan dra nytta av dessa. Det Ă€r viktigt att inkludera fysisk aktivitet i varje lektion, men lĂ€rarna har ofta inte mycket tid att planera lektioner. DĂ„ Ă€r det bra att det finns fĂ€rdiga idĂ©er om fysiskt aktiverande arbetssĂ€tt. I vidare forskning skulle man kunna studera andra skolstadier och lĂ€roĂ€mnen samt anvĂ€nda olika forskningsmetoder.TiivistelmĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€ pro gradu -tutkielma kĂ€sitteli fyysisesti aktivoivien työtapojen kĂ€yttöÀ terveystiedon ja ruotsin opetuksessa ylĂ€asteella. Fyysisesti aktivoivat työtavat ovat tulleet yhĂ€ tavallisemmiksi opetuksessa viimeisten vuosien aikana. Myös uusimmassa perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmassa, joka otettiin kĂ€yttöön syksyllĂ€ 2016, sanotaan, ettĂ€ aktivoivat työtavat sekĂ€ liikkuminen motivoivat oppilaita ja edistĂ€vĂ€t oppimisen iloa. Monet tutkimukset osoittavat, ettĂ€ fyysisellĂ€ aktiivisuudella on positiivisia vaikutuksia muun muassa oppimiseen. Huomasin tĂ€mĂ€n opetusharjoitteluni aikana, ja siksi haluan kĂ€yttÀÀ fyysisesti aktivoivia työtapoja opetuksessani. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli koota ideoita fyysisesti aktivoivista työtavoista sekĂ€ saada vastaukset tutkimuskysymyksiin, jotka olivat seuraavat: MitĂ€ fyysisesti aktivoivia työtapoja opettajat kĂ€yttĂ€vĂ€t terveystiedon ja ruotsin opetuksessa? MitĂ€ vaikutuksia fyysisesti aktivoivien työtapojen kĂ€ytöllĂ€ on? MitĂ€ samankaltaisuuksia ja eroavaisuuksia fyysisesti aktivoivien työtapojen kĂ€ytössĂ€ on terveystiedon ja ruotsin opetuksen vĂ€lillĂ€? AineistonkeruumenetelmĂ€ oli kysely, ja vastaukset kerĂ€ttiin 12.10.‒14.11.2021. Aineisto koostui 24 opettajan kyselyvastauksista, ja informanteista 9 oli ruotsinopettajaa ja 15 terveystiedon opettajaa. Aineisto analysoitiin kvalitatiivisesti tai kvantitatiivisesti, ja valittu analyysimenetelmĂ€ oli aineistopohjainen sisĂ€llönanalyysi. TĂ€rkeimmĂ€t tulokset ovat, ettĂ€ fyysisesti aktivoivat työtavat, joita informantit kĂ€yttĂ€vĂ€t ovat muun muassa taukojumppa, vastaaminen liikkeiden avulla, koulun muiden tilojen kĂ€yttĂ€minen, työpistetyöskentely sekĂ€ paikkojen vaihto kesken tunnin. Informantit kĂ€yttĂ€vĂ€t myös erilaisia pelejĂ€, leikkejĂ€ ja mobiilisovelluksia, jotka aktivoivat oppilaita oppitunnin aikana. Tulokset osoittavat, ettĂ€ fyysisesti aktivoivilla työtavoilla on positiivisia vaikutuksia muun muassa oppilaiden keskittymiseen, motivaatioon ja oppimiseen, mutta informanttien mukaan nĂ€illĂ€ työtavoilla on sekĂ€ positiivisia ettĂ€ negatiivisia vaikutuksia työrauhaan. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen perusteella terveystiedon ja ruotsin opetuksessa on paljon samankaltaisuuksia, mutta vain joitakin eroavaisuuksia. Huomattavin ero on, ettĂ€ terveystiedon opettajat kĂ€yttĂ€vĂ€t vĂ€lineitĂ€, jotka lisÀÀvĂ€t fyysistĂ€ aktiivisuutta, kuten esimerkiksi jumppapalloja. TĂ€mĂ€ tutkimus osoittaa, ettĂ€ fyysisesti aktivoivien työtapojen kĂ€yttö opetuksessa on tarpeellista, koska fyysisellĂ€ aktiivisuudella on monia positiivisia vaikutuksia. Tutkimus antaa monta ideaa fyysisesti aktivoivista työtavoista, ja luulen, ettĂ€ kaikki aineenopettajat voivat hyödyntÀÀ niitĂ€. On tĂ€rkeÀÀ sisĂ€llyttÀÀ fyysistĂ€ aktiivisuutta jokaiseen oppituntiin, mutta opettajilla ei usein ole paljon aikaa suunnitella oppitunteja. Silloin on hyvĂ€, ettĂ€ on valmiita ideoita fyysisesti aktivoivista työtavoista. Jatkotutkimuksessa voitaisiin tutkia muita kouluasteita ja oppiaineita sekĂ€ kĂ€yttÀÀ erilaisia tutkimusmenetelmiĂ€

    Prognostic value of isolated tumour cells in sentinel lymph nodes in early-stage breast cancer : a prospective study

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    BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of isolated tumour cells (ITCs) in the sentinel nodes (SNs) is controversial in early breast cancer, and some centres have abandoned immunohistochemistry to detect ITCs. METHODS: Patients with unilateral pT1N0 breast cancer, operated between February 2001 and August 2005 at a university hospital were included in this prospective, population-based cohort study. Survival of 936 patients with or without isolated tumour cells (ITC) in their SNs were compared with the log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixty one (92.0%) patients were ITC-negative (pN0i-) and 75 (8.0%) ITC-positive (pN0i+). Patients with ITC-positive cancer received more frequently adjuvant systemic therapies than those with ITC-negative cancer. The median follow-up time was 9.5 years. Ten-year distant disease-free survival was 95.3% in the pN0i-group and 88.8% in the pN0i+ group (P = 0.013). ITCs were an independent prognostic factor in a Cox regression model (HR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.09-5.04; P = 0.029), together with tumour Ki-67 proliferation index and diameter. ITCs were associated with unfavourable overall survival (P = 0.005) and breast cancer-specific survival (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that presence of ITCs in the SNs is an adverse prognostic factor in early small node-negative breast cancer, and may be considered in the decision-making for adjuvant therapy.Peer reviewe

    Denitrification in the River Estuaries of the Northern Baltic Sea

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    Estuaries have been suggested to have an important role in reducing the nitrogen load transported to the sea. We measured denitrification rates in six estuaries of the northern Baltic Sea. Four of them were river mouths in the Bothnian Bay (northern Gulf of Bothnia), and two were estuary bays, one in the Archipelago Sea (southern Gulf of Bothnia) and the other in the Gulf of Finland. Denitrification rates in the four river mouths varied between 330 and 905 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1). The estuary bays at the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia had denitrification rates from 90 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 910 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) and from 230 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 320 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Denitrification removed 3.6-9.0% of the total nitrogen loading in the river mouths and in the estuary bay in the Gulf of Finland, where the residence times were short. In the estuary bay with a long residence time, in the Archipelago Sea, up to 4.5% of nitrate loading and 19% of nitrogen loading were removed before entering the sea. According to our results, the sediments of the fast-flowing rivers and them estuary areas with short residence times have a limited capacity to reduce the nitrogen load to the Baltic Sea.Estuaries have been suggested to have an important role in reducing the nitrogen load transported to the sea. We measured denitrification rates in six estuaries of the northern Baltic Sea. Four of them were river mouths in the Bothnian Bay (northern Gulf of Bothnia), and two were estuary bays, one in the Archipelago Sea (southern Gulf of Bothnia) and the other in the Gulf of Finland. Denitrification rates in the four river mouths varied between 330 and 905 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1). The estuary bays at the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia had denitrification rates from 90 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 910 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) and from 230 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 320 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Denitrification removed 3.6-9.0% of the total nitrogen loading in the river mouths and in the estuary bay in the Gulf of Finland, where the residence times were short. In the estuary bay with a long residence time, in the Archipelago Sea, up to 4.5% of nitrate loading and 19% of nitrogen loading were removed before entering the sea. According to our results, the sediments of the fast-flowing rivers and them estuary areas with short residence times have a limited capacity to reduce the nitrogen load to the Baltic Sea.Estuaries have been suggested to have an important role in reducing the nitrogen load transported to the sea. We measured denitrification rates in six estuaries of the northern Baltic Sea. Four of them were river mouths in the Bothnian Bay (northern Gulf of Bothnia), and two were estuary bays, one in the Archipelago Sea (southern Gulf of Bothnia) and the other in the Gulf of Finland. Denitrification rates in the four river mouths varied between 330 and 905 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1). The estuary bays at the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia had denitrification rates from 90 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 910 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) and from 230 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 320 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Denitrification removed 3.6-9.0% of the total nitrogen loading in the river mouths and in the estuary bay in the Gulf of Finland, where the residence times were short. In the estuary bay with a long residence time, in the Archipelago Sea, up to 4.5% of nitrate loading and 19% of nitrogen loading were removed before entering the sea. According to our results, the sediments of the fast-flowing rivers and them estuary areas with short residence times have a limited capacity to reduce the nitrogen load to the Baltic Sea.Peer reviewe

    Promoter methylation analysis of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in glioblastoma: detection by locked nucleic acid based quantitative PCR using an imprinted gene (SNURF) as a reference

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epigenetic silencing of the <it>MGMT </it>gene by promoter methylation is associated with loss of <it>MGMT </it>expression, diminished DNA-repair activity and longer overall survival in patients with glioblastoma who, in addition to radiotherapy, received alkylating chemotherapy with carmustine or temozolomide. We describe and validate a rapid methylation sensitive quantitative PCR assay (MS-qLNAPCR) using Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) modified primers and an imprinted gene as a reference.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An analysis was made of a database of 159 GBM patients followed between April 2004 and October 2008. After bisulfite treatment, methylated and unmethylated CpGs were recognized by LNA primers and molecular beacon probes. The <it>SNURF </it>promoter of an imprinted gene mapped on 15q12, was used as a reference. This approach was used because imprinted genes have a balanced copy number of methylated and unmethylated alleles, and this feature allows an easy and a precise normalization.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Concordance between already described nested MS-PCR and MS-qLNAPCR was found in 158 of 159 samples (99.4%). The MS-qLNAPCR assay showed a PCR efficiency of 102% and a sensitivity of 0.01% for LNA modified primers, while unmodified primers revealed lower efficiency (69%) and lower sensitivity (0.1%). <it>MGMT </it>promoter was found to be methylated using MS-qLNAPCR in 70 patients (44.02%), and completely unmethylated in 89 samples (55.97%). Median overall survival was of 24 months, being 20 months and 36 months, in patients with <it>MGMT </it>unmethylated and methylated, respectively. Considering <it>MGMT </it>methylation data provided by MS-qLNAPCR as a binary variable, overall survival was different between patients with GBM samples harboring <it>MGMT </it>promoter unmethylated and other patients with any percentage of <it>MGMT </it>methylation (p = 0.003). This difference was retained using other cut off values for <it>MGMT </it>methylation rate (i.e. 10% and 20% of methylated allele), while the difference was lost when 50% of <it>MGMT </it>methylated allele was used as cut-off.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We report and clinically validate an accurate, robust, and cost effective MS-qLNAPCR protocol for the detection and quantification of methylated <it>MGMT </it>alleles in GBM samples. Using MS-qLNAPCR we demonstrate that even low levels of <it>MGMT </it>promoter methylation have to be taken into account to predict response to temozolomide-chemotherapy.</p

    “Working the System”—British American Tobacco's Influence on the European Union Treaty and Its Implications for Policy: An Analysis of Internal Tobacco Industry Documents

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    Katherine Smith and colleagues investigate the ways in which British American Tobacco influenced the European Union Treaty so that new EU policies advance the interests of major corporations, including those that produce products damaging to health
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