SALARECON connects the Atlantic salmon genome to growth and feed efficiency

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The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization

The whole-genome duplication 80 million years ago of the common ancestor of salmonids (salmonid-specific fourth vertebrate whole-genome duplication, Ss4R) provides unique opportunities to learn about the evolutionary fate of a duplicated vertebrate genome in 70 extant lineages. Here we present a high-quality genome assembly for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and show that large genomic reorganizations, coinciding with bursts of transposon-mediated repeat expansions, were crucial for the post-Ss4R rediploidization process. Comparisons of duplicate gene expression patterns across a wide range of tissues with orthologous genes from a pre-Ss4R outgroup unexpectedly demonstrate far more instances of neofunctionalization than subfunctionalization. Surprisingly, we find that genes that were retained as duplicates after the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication 320 million years ago were not more likely to be retained after the Ss4R, and that the duplicate retention was not influenced to a great extent by the nature of the predicted protein interactions of the gene products. Finally, we demonstrate that the Atlantic salmon assembly can serve as a reference sequence for the study of other salmonids for a range of purposes.publishedVersio

An overview of the utilisation of microalgae biomass derived from nutrient recycling of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater

Microalgae have high nutritional values for aquatic organisms compared to fish meal, because microalgae cells are rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. However, the high cost for the commercial production of microalgae biomass using fresh water or artificial media limits its use as fish feed. Few studies have investigated the potential of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater for the production of microalgae biomass. Hence, this study aims to highlight the potential of these types of wastewater as an alternative superior medium for microalgae biomass as they contain high levels of nutrients required for microalgae growth. This paper focuses on the benefits of microalgae biomass produced during the phycore-mediation of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater as fish feed. The extraction techniques for lipids and proteins as well as the studies conducted on the use of microalgae biomass as fish feed were reviewed. The results showed that microalgae biomass can be used as fish feed due to feed utilisation efficiency, physiological activity, increased resistance for several diseases, improved stress response, and improved protein retention

Upper extremity skeletal muscle mass: potential of measurement with single frequency bioimpedance analysis.

This study examined the potential of single frequency (50 kHz) BIA for estimation of upper extremity skeletal muscle (SM) mass. Subjects (n = 50) were weight stable adults varying in age (X +/- SD, 51.6 +/- 17 yr) and body mass index (27.2 +/- 5.9 kg/m2). Determinants of arm to arm impedance index (length L; L2/Z) were examined using multiple regression analysis

Comparative characteristics of older people with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or insulin injection therapy : data from the German/Austrian DPV registry

Aim: To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes aged ≥ 60 years using continuoussubcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) vs. insulin injection therapy. Further, to determine the percentage of older adults with type 1 diabetes using CSII. Research design and methods: Retrospective study using data of the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry (DPV). Including percentage CSII use from 2008 to 2018, and the characteristics of 9547 individuals extracted from the DPV in March 2019 (N=1404 CSII; N=8143 insulin injection therapy). Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables to compare clinical characteristics of people using CSII vs. insulin injection therapy. Adjusted analyses used generalized linear models to compare diabetes-related outcomes. Results: CSII usage has increased in older adults (from 12% in 2008 to 23% in 2018). After adjustment, CSII was associated with lower HbA1c [60.7 mmol/mol (7.7±0.1%) vs. 62.8% (7.9±0.1%)], lower daily insulin dose (0.49±0.02 vs. 0.61±0.01 IU/kg), fewer days in hospital (8.1±0.12 vs. 11.2±0.11 days/person-year), fewer severe hypoglycaemic events (0.16±0.02 vs. 0.21±0.03 events/person-year) and fewer diabetic ketoacidosis (0.06±0.01 vs. 0.08±0.01 events/person-year). Individuals on CSII showed lower rates of microalbuminuria and also have a diagnosis of depression and neuropathy. Conclusions: A growing number of older adults are using insulin pumps. Older age in itself should not be seen as a contraindication for CSII

Second-order elasticity of liquid crystals within their nematic state at high frequencies

Within this work we present Brillouin and ultrasonic investigations performed on the liquid crystals p-methoxybenzylidene p-(n-butylaniline) (MBBA), p-azoxyanisol (PAA), 4-cyano-4-n-alkylbiphenyles (nCB), and 4-n-pentoxybenzylidene-4'-n-octoaniline (5O.8). Special attention has been paid to the evolution of a significant splitting of the two longitudinal polarized acoustic modes within the nematic phase. Angle-resolving Brillouin spectroscopy allowed the determination of the complete stiffness tensors and hence a discussion of the propagation of quasitransverse polarized acoustic modes in the nematic state of liquid crystals. We analyze the behavior of the eigenvectors of the relevant acoustic modes and discuss their significance for the propagation of quasishear modes. For 5O.8 we report an acoustic instability within its nematic state. We confirm the existence of a universal thermal relaxation mechanism of weak activation energy for the nematic state of classical liquid crystals. The observed hypersonic anisotropy is discussed in terms of that relaxation mechanism and is compared with that of glass-forming liquid crystals

Effects of butyrate feed supplementation on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) growth performance and intestinal health: A transcriptomic approach

Poster presentado en la Aquaculture conference "To the next 40 years of sustainable global aquaculture" celebrada en Gran Canaria del 3 al 7 de noviembre de 2013The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a short fatty acid, the commercial butyrate product (BP-70, ®Norel), on gilthead sea bream performance and intestinal health. Juvenile fish of 25 g initial body weight were distributed in 90-L triplicate tanks/group (15 fish/tank). Fish were fed plant protein-based diets with 20% fish meal and 35% plant oil at the expense of fish oil, and with increasing levels of BP-70 (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%) for 9 weeks. No significant effects of butyrate supplementation were found on growth rates, feed conversion ratio, or retention of N and lipids. No effects were found on hepatosomatic index or viscerosomatic index, but the gut index (fish weight/intestine length) was progressively and significantly increased with butyrate supplementation. Butyrate also increased plasma glucose levels and liver glycogen depots, which highly supports a sparing effect of butyrate on the utilization of glucose as a metabolic fuel. A PCR-array of 90 genes was used to characterize the intestinal gene expression pattern of the two extreme groups (0%, 0.8% diets). Genes were selected as markers of intestine cell proliferation and differentiation, intestinal architecture and permeability, enterocyte mass and epithelia damage, intestinal immune-surveillance and mitochondria activity. The differentially expressed genes of all these categories showed that butyrate supplementation clearly induced a healthy intestine condition. In particular, components of the Hedgehog, bone morphogenic protein and Notch signalling pathways were up-regulated in butyrate treated fish, which would orchestrate a complex regulatory network promoting intestine cell differentiation rather than stem cell proliferation. This agrees with the lowered expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), as evidenced by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Butyrate also improved the intestine barrier function, up-regulating the expression of several components of tight junctions (occludin, claudin 12, claudin 15, tight junction protein ZO-1, and coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor homolog), and altered the expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, up regulating the expression of master transcription factors, mitochondrial protein translocases and oxidative enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and down-regulated the expression of mitochondrial molecular chaperones of the Hsp 10 family. This expression pattern is indicative of a mitochondrial phenotype with a ¿high power¿ activity and a low risk of oxidative stress. In addition, butyrate supplementation altered the expression of interleukin 7, nucleotide-binding protein oligomerization domain-containing protein 1, vimentin, macrophage mannose receptor 1 and C-C motif chemokine 20, leading to an anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern. Therefore, butyrate supplementation as a whole is a very promising approach to improve the health condition of gilthead sea bream intestine.Peer Reviewe