Inhaled insulin for controlling blood glucose in patients with diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a significant worldwide health problem, with the incidence of type 2 diabetes increasing at alarming rates. Insulin resistance and dysregulated blood glucose control are established risk factors for microvascular complications and cardiovascular disease. Despite the recognition of diabetes as a major health issue and the availability of a growing number of medications designed to counteract its detrimental effects, real and perceived barriers remain that prevent patients from achieving optimal blood glucose control. The development and utilization of inhaled insulin as a novel insulin delivery system may positively influence patient treatment adherence and optimal glycemic control, potentially leading to a reduction in cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes

Low and moderate, rather than high intensity strength exercise induces benefit regarding plasma lipid profile

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The effects of chronic aerobic exercise upon lipid profile has been previously demonstrated, but few studies showed this effect under resistance exercise conditions.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different resistance exercise loads on blood lipids.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirty healthy, untrained male volunteers were allocated randomly into four groups based at different percentages of one repetition maximum (1 RM); 50%-1 RM, 75%-1 RM, 90%-1 RM, and 110%-1 RM. The total volume (sets × reps × load) of the exercise was equalized. The lipid profile (Triglycerides [TG], HDL-cholesterol [HDL-c], LDL-cholesterol, and Total cholesterol) was determined at rest and after 1, 24, 48 and 72 h of resistance exercise.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The 75%-1 RM group demonstrated greater TG reduction when compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the 110%-1 RM group presented an increased TG concentration when compared to 50% and 75% groups (p = 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively). HDL-c concentration was significantly greater after resistance exercise in 50%-1 RM and 75%-1 RM when compared to 110%-1 RM group (p = 0.004 and p = 0.03, respectively). Accordingly, the 50%-1 RM group had greater HDL-c concentration than 110%-1 RM group after 48 h (p = 0.05) and 72 h (p = 0.004), respectively. Finally, The 50% group has showed lesser LDL-c concentration than 110% group after 24 h (p = 0.007). No significant difference was found in Total Cholesterol concentrations.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicate that the acute resistance exercise may induce changes in lipid profile in a specific-intensity manner. Overall, low and moderate exercise intensities appear to be promoting more benefits on lipid profile than high intensity. Long term studies should confirm these findings.</p

Effects of Prandial Versus Fasting Glycemia on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: The HEART2D trial

OBJECTIVE—Hyperglycemia and Its Effect After Acute Myocardial Infarction on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (HEART2D) is a multinational, randomized, controlled trial designed to compare the effects of prandial versus fasting glycemic control on risk for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

Effects of Prandial Versus Fasting Glycemia on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: The HEART2D trial

OBJECTIVE—Hyperglycemia and Its Effect After Acute Myocardial Infarction on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (HEART2D) is a multinational, randomized, controlled trial designed to compare the effects of prandial versus fasting glycemic control on risk for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

Geogenic and atmospheric sources for volatile organic compounds in fumarolic emissions from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy)

In this paper, fluid source(s) and processes controlling the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gas discharges from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island(Sicily, Italy) were investigated. The main composition of the Etnean and Volcano gas emissions is produced by mixing, to various degrees, of magmatic and hydrothermal components. VOCs are dominated by alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, with minor, though significant, concentrations of O-, S- and Cl(F)-substituted compounds. The main mechanism for the production of alkanes is likely related to pyrolysis of organic-matterbearing sediments that interact with the ascending magmatic fluids. Alkanes are then converted to alkene and aromatic compounds via catalytic reactions (dehydrogenation and dehydroaromatization, respectively). Nevertheless, an abiogenic origin for the light hydrocarbons cannot be ruled out. Oxidative processes of hydrocarbons at relatively high temperatures and oxidizing conditions, typical of these volcanic-hydrothermal fluids, may explain the production of alcohols, esters, aldehydes, as well as O- and S-bearing heterocycles. By comparing the concentrations of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the fumarolic discharges with respect to those of background air, it is possible to highlight that they have a geogenic origin likely due to halogenation of both methane and alkenes. Finally, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) abundances appear to be consistent with background air, although the strong air contamination that affects the Mt. Etna fumaroles may mask a possible geogenic contribution for these compounds. On the other hand, no CFCs were detected in the Vulcano gases, which are characterized by low air contribution. Nevertheless, a geogenic source for these compounds cannot be excluded on the basis of the present data

Total-body Bone Mineral Content in Non-corticosteroid-treated Postpubertal Females with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Frequency of Osteopenia and Contributing Factors

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of low total-body bone mineral content (BMC) in non-corticosteroid-treated white postpubertal females with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) compared with healthy age- and race-matched female controls, and to identify variables that significantly contribute to total-body BMC.METHODS: Thirty-six females with definite JRA who had never received corticosteroids and 51 healthy female controls were evaluated. All subjects had had their first menstrual period at least 2 years prior to enrollment. Total-body BMC, lumbar spine bone mineral density, and body composition were determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Total-body BMC Z-scores were calculated for JRA patients using data from controls. JRA patients were dichotomized into those with normal bone mass (total-body BMC at or above the mean or no more than 1 SD below the mean) and those with low bone mass (total-body BMC more than 1 SD below the mean). Comparisons of anthropometric measurements, laboratory measurements of bone metabolism, disease activity, dietary intake, and physical activity were performed. Stepwise logistic regression was utilized to determine the presence or absence of low total-body BMC and to identify associated contributing factors.RESULTS: Total-body BMC was 4.5% lower in JRA patients than in controls (mean +/- SD 2,050 +/- 379 gm versus 2,143 +/- 308 gm; P = 0.21). Twenty-five of 36 patients (69.4%) had normal and 11 of 36 (30.6%) had low total-body BMC. Comparison of JRA patients with normal versus those with low total-body BMC revealed significant differences in disease characteristics, anthropometric and physical development characteristics, laboratory measures of bone mineralization, and dietary intake. The final regression model contained only lean mass (P = 0.01), which accounted for 76.3% of the variance in total-body BMC. The odds ratio for lean mass was 0.4451 (95% confidence interval 0.2374-0.8348).CONCLUSION: In this study, approximately 30% of the subjects in a sample of postpubertal female patients with mild-to-moderate, non-corticosteroid-treated JRA had low bone mass. The predictor variable that significantly contributed to total-body BMC was lean mass, which demonstrated a protective effect of 0.56 risk reduction for low total-body BMC

Sravnenie kombinatsiy insulina lizpromiks 25 s metforminom i insulina glarginas metforminom pri lechenii patsientovs sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa,ranee ne poluchavshikh insulinoterapii(16-nedel'noe randomizirovannoe otkrytoeperekrestnoe issledovanie)

Цель. Оценка гликемического ответа при назначении лизпро микс 25 2 раза в сутки в комбинации с метформином по сравнению с терапией инсулином гларгином один раз в сутки в комбинации с метформином у пациентов с СД 2 типа. Материалы и методы. Данное исследование было рандомизированным проспективным открытым перекрестным исследованием, проведенным в 12 центрах в США. Исследование начиналось с вводного периода продолжительностью 8?2 нед для ознакомления пациентов с введением инсулина и стандартизации предрандомизационной терапии. После вводного периода пациенты были случайным образом распределены либо в группу лечения сначала комбинацией лизпро микс 25, вводимого перед завтраком и ужином, с метформином в дозе от 1500 до 2550 мг в день в течение 16 нед, а затем комбинацией инсулина гларгина, вводимого перед сном, с метформином в дозе от 1500 до 2550 мг в день в течение последующих 16 недель, либо в группу лечения в обратной последовательности. данное исследование было проведено в условиях, имитирующих естественную клиническую ситуацию, когда исследователи для коррекции дозы инсулина использовали целевые параметры гликемии, но не алгоритм введения инсулина. Основной переменной эффективности был уровень HbAlc в конце каждого периода лечения. Результаты. В обеих группах лечения было отмечено достоверное снижение уровня HbAlc в конечной точке по сравнению с исходным. Однако в группе лечения лизпро микс 25 снижение среднего (СО) показателя HbAlc было больше (?1,3% и -0,9%). При терапии исследуемыми комбинациями препаратов среднее значение (? СО) уровня ГКН исходно составило 152,8?47,2 мг/дл; средний уровень ГКН в конечной точке был достоверно ниже на фоне лечения инсулином гларгином. На фоне проводимой терапии ни у одного пациента не было отмечено тяжелой гипогликемии. Выводы. В исследованной популяции пациентов с СД 2 типа применение лизпро микс 25 в сочетании с мет-формином позволило добиться более низкого уровня HbA1c, чем терапия инсулином гларгином в комбинации с метформином, обеспечить достижение целевого уровня HbA1